Tofacitinib inhibits CD8 T-cell activation in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. (a) WST-I assay was performed on OT-I cells stimulated with SIINFEKL in the presence of tofacitinib. The bars present OD means±SEM of three wells. (b) In the cytotoxicity assay using OT-I cells and SIINFEKL-pulsed EL-4, the curves show means±SEM (triplicate) of percentage killing of target cells by DMSO- and 0.1 or 1.0 μM tofacitinib treatment (black circles, gray or black diamonds) and the percentage killing of non-pulsed EL-4 (open circles). (c) The WST-I assay was performed on human CD8 T cells stimulated in various ways in the presence of tofacitinib. The bars present OD means±SEM (triplicate). (d) The quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase–PCR array shows mRNA-fold changes for IL-2- and IL-2 plus tofacitinib-treated human CD8 T cells as compared with untreated cells. Black and gray diamonds represent separate experiments. All data represent duplicate experiments. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, t-test. GZMB, granzyme B; IFNG, IFN-γ OD, optical density; OT-I cells, transgenic T cells; PRF1, perforin.