Table 2.

Prevalence of AAS dependence in studies of AAS users

Study	Location	AAS users	Dependent usersa
			N	%
Brower et al., 1991	USA	49M	28	57.1
Gridley & Hanrahan, 1994	Australia	21M	12	57.1
Pope & Katz, 1994	USA	88M	22	25.0
Malone et al., 1995	USA	71M, 6F	10M, 1F	14.3
Midgley et al., 1999	UK	50M	13	26.0
Copeland et al., 2000	Australia	94M, 6F	22M, 1 F	23.0
Perry et al., 2005	USA	206M	68	33.0
Pope et al., 2012	USA	102M	37	36.3
Ip et al., 2012	International	479M	112	23.4
Pope et al., ongoing	USA	75M	37	49.3

^aThe study of Malone et al. and the three studies of Pope et al. assessed lifetime history of AAS dependence in individuals with lifetime AAS use; the other six studies appeared to assess only current AAS dependence among current AAS users.