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. 2014 Jan 30;289(12):8620–8632. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M113.543033

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SCHEME 2. — QND ionization. Below pH 3, QND substrate is double protonated on N1, from pH 3 to pH 9 is neutral, and above pH 11 is single deprotonated. pK_a₁ value is from Ref. 21; pK_a₂ value was obtained in this work, and hypothetical (*) pK_a₃ value in concentrated hydroxide solution is from Ref. 42.