Table 3.
Characteristics of Participants by Caseness Level at 180 Daysa
| Characteristics | GSI <63 and ≤1 elevated symptom (%) (n=410) | GSI ≥63 or ≥2 elevated symptoms (%) (n=301) | p value* |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 0.014 | ||
| 18–30 | 151 (60.9) | 97 (39.1) | |
| >30–45 | 78 (51.3) | 74 (48.7) | |
| >45–60 | 109 (52.9) | 97 (47.1) | |
| >60 | 72 (68.6) | 33 (31.4) | |
| Sex | 0.008 | ||
| Female | 127 (65.8) | 66 (34.2) | |
| Male | 283 (54.6) | 235 (45.4) | |
| Race/ethnicity | <0.001 | ||
| White | 356 (60.2) | 235 (39.8) | |
| African American | 37 (38.5) | 59 (61.5) | |
| Hispanic | 17 (70.8) | 7 (29.2) | |
| Education | <0.001† | ||
| <High school | 36 (43.4) | 47 (56.6) | |
| High school/GED/technical | 165 (55.2) | 134 (44.8) | |
| Some college | 109 (59.2) | 75 (40.8) | |
| ≥College degree | 100 (69.0) | 45 (31.0) | |
| GCS severity | 0.50 | ||
| Moderate and severe | 125 (59.8) | 84 (40.2) | |
| Complicated mild | 285 (56.8) | 217 (43.2) | |
| PTA duration | 0.001† | ||
| <24 h | 79 (67.0) | 39 (33.0) | |
| 1–6 days | 135 (61.4) | 85 (38.6) | |
| 7–13 days | 72 (55.8) | 57 (44.2) | |
| 14–29 days | 63 (54.8) | 52 (45.2) | |
| ≥30 days | 61 (47.3) | 68 (52.7) | |
| Preinjury employment status | <0.001 | ||
| Employed | 287 (58.8) | 201 (41.2) | |
| Student | 42 (65.6) | 22 (34.4) | |
| Unemployed/disabled | 40 (40.0) | 60 (60.0) | |
| Retired/homemaker | 41 (69.5) | 18 (30.5) | |
| Alcohol use | 0.003 | ||
| AUDIT <8 | 285 (61.7) | 177 (38.3) | |
| AUDIT ≥8 | 125 (50.2) | 124 (49.8) | |
| Mechanism of injury | 0.023 | ||
| Motor vehicle collision | 218 (57.5) | 161 (42.5) | |
| Fall from moving object | 50 (61.0) | 32 (39.0) | |
| Fall from stationary object | 100 (64.1) | 56 (35.9) | |
| Assault | 25 (39.7) | 38 (60.3) | |
| Other | 17 (54.8) | 14 (45.2) |
a
n=711.
*
Fisher's exact test p value, unless otherwise specified.
†
Cochran-Armitage's trend test p value.
GED, General Educational Development; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; PTA, post-traumatic amnesia; AUDIT, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; GSI, General Severity Index.