Table 1.
Characteristics of Heme-Induced Macrophages
| Category | Heme-induced macrophages | References |
|---|---|---|
| Surface antigen expression | ↑CD163a, CD206 | (31, 33, 53) |
| ↓HLA-DRa | ||
| oxLDL scavenger receptor expression | ↓SR-A1, SR-A2, SR-B1, CD36 | (53) |
| Cytokine production | ↑IL-10a, IL-1RA | (31, 33, 53, 133) |
| ↓TNF-α | ||
| Gene expression profileb | ↑Hmox-1, Gclm | (148) |
| ↓Alas1 | ||
| Transcription factors | Nrf2a, ATF-1a, LXR-β | (32, 33) |
| Cell membrane transporters | ↑Cholesterol efflux transporters, ABCA1 and ABCG1 | (32, 53) |
| ↑Ferroportin | ||
| Intracellular characteristics | ↑Ferritin-bound iron | (31, 33, 53, 151) |
| ↓Free iron, ROSa, Lipid |
a
HO-1 expression is suggested to be directly involved.
b
CD163/Hb pathway-dependent gene expression profile.
ATF-1, activating transcription factor-1; Hb, hemoglobin; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; IL, interleukin; LXR, transcription factor liver X receptor; Nrf2, NF-E2-related factor 2; oxLDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SR, scavenger receptor; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.