. 2014 Mar 21;20(11):3033–3043. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i11.3033

Table 2.

Interventions with evidence of modulation of experimental chronic pancreatitis

First Author	Animal	Model of CP	Intervention	Modes of action	Time course and point of intervention	Pancreatic parenchymal end-points	Systemic end-points
Gómez et al[43]	Rat	ip cyclosporine A and ip caerulein	Vitamin E (gavage)	Anti-oxidant properties: control oxidative radicals	15 d study	Reduced peroxidation (TBARS level)	Reduced plasma lipoperoxidation. Reduced plasma TGF-β
				Anti-oxidant independent properties: reduction of fibrosis	Intervention day 8	Reduced collagen and hyaluronic acid deposition
				Anti-oxidant independent properties: reduction of fibrosis	Intervention day 8	Reduced acinar atrophy and periductal fibrosis
Yoo et al[44]	Mouse	ip caerulein	DA 9601	Phytochemical possessing anti-inflammatory and antioxidative action	35 d	Reduced pancreatic fibrosis	None
					Intervention weekly from week 1	Myeloperoxidase and iNOS activities decreased
					Intervention weekly from week 1	HSP-70 increased
de Las Heras-Castaño et al[45]	Rat	ip cyclosporin A and ip caerulein	L-methionine β-carotene ascorbic acid α-tocopherol selenium	Antioxidant	49 d	Reduction in pancreatic fibrosis	None
					Intervention weekly from week 1	Similar cellular glutathione peroxidase levels to control and less than caerulein alone group
					Intervention weekly from week 1	Increased total antioxidant status but also increased in caerulein alone group
Mas et al[46]	Rat	Intraductal TNBS	Taurine	Anti-fibrotic	28 d	Tissue malondialdehyde levels increased	Reduction in weight loss
					Intervention weekly from week 1	SOD and glutathione peroxidase activities decreased
					Intervention weekly from week 1	Histopathologic injury scores lower
Lu et al[47]	Rat	DBTC infusion¹	Ascorbic acid	Antioxidant	56 d	Increased SOD and reduce malondialdehyde	Reduce serum hyaluronic acid
					Intervention weekly from day 28	No change in pancreatic fibrosis
					Intervention weekly from day 28	Less atrophy
Wei et al[48]	Rat	PD infusion of pancreatic juice/bile (PD hypertension)	Pravastatin 10 mg/kg per day	Competitive inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A reductase	14 d	Maintained secretin-stimulated secretory response	Amelioration of weight loss
					Intervention from day 2	Attenuated fibrosis with less expression of TGF-β mRNA
					Intervention from day 2	Maintained pancreatic exocrine function
Li et al[49]	Rat	Intraductal TNBS	α-tocopherol	Antifibrotic	28 d	Reduced incidence of pseudocysts from 100% to 69%	Amelioration of weight loss
Li et al[49]	Rat	Intraductal TNBS	α-tocopherol	Antifibrotic	Intervention daily	Ameliorates pancreatic fibrosis	Amelioration of weight loss
Jiang et al[50]	Rat	DBTC	α-tocopherol and tocotrienol-rich fraction	Antioxidant and antifibrotic	28 d	Reduced pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis	None
Jiang et al[50]	Rat	DBTC	α-tocopherol and tocotrienol-rich fraction	Antioxidant and antifibrotic	Intervention daily (oral)	Down-regulated mRNA expression of TGF-β1 and collagen-α1	None
Matsushita et al[51]	Rat	DBTC	Taurine	Antifibrotic	28 d	Inhibition of pancreatic fibrosis	None
Matsushita et al[51]	Rat	DBTC	Taurine	Antifibrotic	Intervention day 0	Decreased apoptotic index	None

Dibutylin dichloride (DBTC) given by infusion into tail vein. TBARS: Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor beta; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; HSP: Heat shock protein; TNBS: Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; PD: Pancreatic duct.