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. 2013 Feb 7;4:e201301004. doi: 10.5936/csbj.201301004

Table 1.

Examples of dietary biomarkers identified using metabolomic based approaches

Food Sample Metabolic Approach Biomarker Study
Red Meat Urine Ion exchange chromatography 1- and 3-methylhistidine [42]
Urine 1H NMR spectroscopy O-acetylcarnitine, N,N-dimethylglycine [43]
Urine 1H NMR spectroscopy O-acetylcarnitine [44]
Serum and urine 1H NMR spectroscopy Creatine, histidine, urea [45]
Urine 1H NMR spectroscopy Carnitine, Creatinine, TMAO, acetyl-carnitine, taurine, 1- and 3-methylhistidine [41]
Plasma HPLC Carnosine [46]
Urine Ion exchange chromatography Creatinine, taurine, 1- and 3-methylhistidine [47]
Cooked Meats Hair LC–MS PhIP [48]
Urine LC-MS-MS PhIP metabolites [49]
Urine GC–MS PhIP [50]
Urine NCI-GC-MSa PhIP [51]
Urine GC-MS 4'-OH–PhIP [52]
Fish Urine FIE-MS TMAO, anserine , 1- and 3- methylhistidine [36]
Plasma LC-MS-MS Proline-hydroxyproline [53]
Urine 1H NMR spectroscopy TMAO [54-57]
Vegetables
Cruciferous Vegetables Urine 1H NMR spectroscopy SMCSO [37]
Vegetarian diet Urine 1H NMR spectroscopy Phenylacetylglutamine and glycine [43]
Urine 1H NMR spectroscopy p-hydroxphenylacetate [41]
Urine 1H NMR spectroscopy Hippurate, N-acetyl glycoprotein and succinate [44]
Urine HPLC-ESI-MS-MS Enterolactone and kaempferol [58]
Citrus Fruits Urine 1H NMR spectroscopy Proline betaine [17]
Urine FIE-MS proline betaine and conjugates-sulphate [59]
Urine HPLC-ESI-MS-MS Naringenin, hesperetin and sulphonated derivatives of caffeic acid [58]
Coffee Urine HPLC-ESI-MS-MS Chlorogenic acid [58]
Serum ESI-MS-MS Sphingomyelins [38]
Plasma & urine HPLC Urinary dihydrocaffeic acid-3-0-sulphate & feroloyglycine [39]
Plasma LC–MS–MS 3,4-Dimethoxycinnamic acid, 3,4-Dimethoxy dihydrocaffeic acid [60]
Black/Green Tea Urine HPLC-MS-MS Hippuric acid [61]
Urine HPLC-FTMSb and HPLC-TOFMS-SPE-NMRc Hippuric acid and a structurally related hydroxybenzoic glycine conjugate, vanilloylglycine, and pyrogallol-2-O-sulfate [62]
Urine 1H NMR spectroscopy Hippuric acid and 1,3-dihydroxyphenyl-2-O-sulfate [63]
Urine 1H NMR spectroscopy Hippuric acid, 1,3-Dihydroxyphenyl-2-O-sulphate and 4-O-methylgallic acids [64]
Urine HPLC-ESI-MS-MS 4-O-methylgallic acids [58]
a

Negative chemical ionization Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

b

accurate mass fragmentation

c

Mass-guided SPE-trapping of selected compounds for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements

TMAO: Trimethylamine-N-oxide; PhIP: 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine; SMCSO: S-methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide