Table 1.

Production of the carboxylic acids malate, lactate and succinate by E. coli and S. cerevisiae from glucose.

Carboxylic acid	Organism	Condition	Titer (g/L)	Yield (g/g)	Productivity g/L/h	Refs
Malate	S. cerevisiae	Aerobic flask	59	0.31	0.19	(82)
	E. coli	Two-stage process	34	1.05	0.47	(85)
Lactate	S. cerevisiae	Anaerobic, batch	70	n/a	0.93	(72)
	E. coli	Anaerobic, batch	118	0.98	2.88	(24)
Succinate	S. cerevisiae	Shake flask	3.62	0.1	n/a	(62)
	E. coli	Anaerobic, batch	83	0.92	0.88	(32)

n/a – not available