Table 2.
Factors associated with proven or possible human rhinovirus (HRV) pneumonia at first post‐hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) HRV detection
| Variable | HRV URI only, N = 36 (%) | HRV pneumoniaa, N = 27 (%) | Univariate odds ratio (95% CI) | Univariate P‐value | Multivariate odds ratio (95% CI) | Multivariate P‐value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median age in years at HSCT (range) | 54 (25–70) | 55 (21–65) | – | 0.9 | ||
| Female | 16 (44) | 9 (33) | 0.6 (0.2–1.8) | 0.4 | ||
| Transplant type | ||||||
| Allogeneic | 25 (69) | 17 (63) | 1.0 | – | ||
| Autologous | 11 (31) | 9 (33) | 1.2 (0.4–3.5) | 0.7 | ||
| Syngeneic | 0 | 1 (4) | – | 0.4 | ||
| Donor status | ||||||
| Matched‐related | 14/25 (56) | 6/18 (33) | 1.0 | – | ||
| Matched‐unrelated | 8/25 (32) | 6/18 (33) | 1.8 (0.4–7.3) | 0.5 | ||
| Mismatch‐unrelated | 0 | 1/18 (6) | – | 0.3 | ||
| Cord blood | 3/25 (12) | 5/18 (28) | 3.8 (0.7–21.7) | 0.2 | ||
| Conditioning regimen | ||||||
| Myeloablative | 23 (64) | 19 (70) | 1.0 | – | ||
| Reduced‐intensity | 13 (36) | 8 (30) | 0.8 (0.3–2.2) | 0.8 | ||
| Graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD)b | 11 (31) | 10 (37) | 1.3 (0.5–3.8) | 0.6 | ||
| Corticosteroid use | 9 (25) | 12 (44) | 2.4 (0.8–7.0) | 0.1 | 4.5 (0.9–24.1) | 0.08 |
| Relapsed disease | 3 (8) | 3 (11) | 1.4 (0.3–7.4) | 0.7 | ||
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| COPD/asthma | 4 (11) | 2 (7) | 0.6 (0.1–3.8) | 0.6 | 0.4 (0.03–5.8) | 0.5 |
| Tobacco use within past 12 months | 7 (19) | 1 (4) | 0.2 (0.02–1.4) | 0.1 | ||
| Tobacco use ever | 15 (42) | 12 (44) | 1.1 (0.4–3.1) | 0.8 | ||
| Diabetes | 6 (17) | 4 (15) | 0.9 (0.2–3.4) | 0.8 | ||
| HRV infection within 100 days of HSCT | 19 (53) | 12 (44) | 0.7 (0.3–1.9) | 0.5 | ||
| Neutropenia (<500 cells/μL) | 4 (11) | 10 (37) | 4.7 (1.3–17.2) | 0.02 | 0.8 (0.1–10.0) | 0.8 |
| Lymphopenia (<200 cells/μL) | 7 (19) | 11 (41) | 2.8 (0.9–8.8) | 0.07 | 1.2 (0.1–12.7) | 0.9 |
| Albumin <3.2 mg/dL | 14 (40) | 22 (82) | 12.7 (3.7–43.6) | <0.001 | 9.5 (1.2–71.7) | 0.03 |
| Concurrent bacteremiac | 5 (14) | 8 (30) | 2.6 (0.7–9.2) | 0.1 | 0.8 (0.1–6.1) | 0.9 |
| Antibiotic therapy within previous 7 days | 9 (25) | 19 (70) | 7.1 (2.3–21.8) | 0.001 | 2.6 (0.4–15.6) | 0.3 |
| Co‐infection with ≥1 additional respiratory co‐pathogensd | 1 (3) | 13 (48) | 32.5 (3.9–272.5) | 0.001 | 24.2 (2.0–288.4) | 0.01 |
Bold values are significant.
Includes 14 cases of proven HRV pneumonia and 13 cases of possible HRV pneumonia.
Includes patients with acute GVHD grade 2–4 and/or chronic GVHD.
Coagulase‐negative staphylococcal bacteremia was defined as 2 positive blood cultures drawn within 72 h of each other.
Respiratory co‐pathogens: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (2 cases); Influenza A; Escherichia coli; S. maltophilia, Acinetobacter baumannii; Vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus faecium; Haemophilus influenzae; Parainfluenza virus 3 (3 cases); Possible fungal pneumonia; Proven fungal pneumonia; Respiratory Syncytial Virus A; Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
URI, upper respiratory infection; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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