Release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in animal dying and surviving the acute phase of polymicrobial sepsis is simultaneous and of similar magnitude. Average inflammatory scores for each block were computed by retrospectively combining selected proinflammatory (A; IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, KC, MIP-2, MCP-1) and anti-inflammatory (B; IL-1ra, IL-10, TNF srI, and II) mediators and dividing them according to outcome. Data are presented as means + SE. *P < 0.0001, #P < 0.005. Data were generated in the mouse model of CLP sepsis. [From Osuchowski et al. (287). Copyright 2006. The American Association of Immunologists, Inc.]