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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pain Manag. 2014 Jan;4(1):27–35. doi: 10.2217/pmt.13.62

Table 1.

Bivariate analysis of factors associated with self-management of pain among people who inject drugs in Vancouver (Canada) reporting moderate-to-extreme pain (n = 483).

Characteristic Self-managed pain
Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) p-value
Yes: 471 (97.5%) No: 12 (2.5%)
Age

>Median 236 (48.9) 5 (1.0) 1.41 (0.44–4.49) 0.565
≤Median 235 (48.7) 7 (1.5)

Gender

Male 312 (65.6) 11 (2.3) 0.18 (0.02–1.39) 0.100
Female 159 (32.9) 1 (0.2)

Homelessness

Yes 423 (87.6) 8 (1.7) 4.41 (1.28–15.2) 0.019
No 48 (9.9) 4 (0.8)

Unstable housing

Yes 281 (60.8) 4 (0.9) 2.89 (0.83–10.0) 0.094
No 170 (36.8) 7 (1.5)

DTES residence

Yes 284 (58.8) 4 (0.8) 3.04 (0.90–10.2) 0.073
No 187 (38.7) 8 (1.7)

Education status§

≥High school 241 (51.4) 7 (1.5) 0.80 (0.25–2.55) 0.702
<High school 216 (46.1) 5 (1.1)

HIV status

Positive 221 (45.8) 3 (0.6) 2.65 (0.71–9.92) 0.147
Negative 250 (51.8) 9 (1.9)

Sex work

Yes 257 (53.2) 8 (1.7) 0.60 (0.18–2.02) 0.410
No 214 (44.3) 4 (0.8)

Incarceration§

Yes 23 (4.8) 1 (0.2) 0.57 (0.07–4.57) 0.593
No 447 (92.7) 11 (2.3)

Physical disabilities

Yes 307 (63.6) 5 (1.0) 2.62 (0.82–8.39) 0.105
No 164 (34.0) 7 (1.5)

Refused pain medication

Yes 294 (60.9) 2 (0.4) 8.31 (1.80–38.3) 0.007
No 177 (36.7) 10 (2.1)

Ever.

Within the last 6 months (at time of interview).

§

Indicates missing responses as follows: education status (14 missing responses); incarceration (one missing response).

DTES: Downtown Eastside.