Table 2.

Bivariate analysis of drug use-related factors associated with self-management of pain among people who inject drugs in Vancouver (Canada) reporting moderate-to-extreme pain (n = 483).

Characteristic	Self-managed pain†		Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI)	p-value
	Yes: 471 (97.5%)	No: 12 (2.5%)
Daily noninjection crack use‡§
Yes	85 (17.7)	2 (0.4)	1.11 (0.24–5.16)	0.894
No	383 (79.8)	10 (2.1)
Daily crystal meth injection‡§
Yes	25 (5.2)	1 (0.2)	0.62 (0.08–4.98)	0.651
No	445 (92.3)	11 (2.3)
Daily heroin injection‡§
Yes	58 (12.0)	1 (0.2)	1.55 (0.20–12.2)	0.678
No	412 (85.5)	11 (2.3)
Daily cocaine injection‡§
Yes	30 (6.24)	1 (0.2)	0.75 (0.09–6.01)	0.788
No	439 (91.3)	11 (2.3)
Daily marijuana use‡§
Yes	103 (21.5)	2 (0.4)	1.42 (0.31–6.56)	0.197
No	364 (76.0)	10 (2.1)
Heavy alcohol use‡
Yes	93 (19.3)	1 (0.2)	2.71 (0.35–21.2)	0.344
No	378 (78.3)	11 (2.3)
Prescription opioid abuse‡
Yes	95 (19.8)	1 (0.2)	2.79 (0.36–21.9)	0.328
No	374 (77.8)	11 (2.3)
Enrolled in MMT†
Yes	337 (69.8)	6 (1.24)	2.52 (0.80–7.94)	0.116
No	134 (27.7)	6 (1.24)
Overdose†
Yes	304 (62.9)	7 (1.5)	1.30 (0.41–4.16)	0.658
No	167 (34.6)	5 (1.0)
Binge injection drug use‡§
Yes	94 (19.5)	2 (0.4)	1.25 (0.27–5.80)	0.776
No	376 (78.0)	10 (2.1)

^†Ever.

^‡Within the last 6 months (at time of interview).

^§Indicates missing responses as follows: daily noninjection crack use (three missing responses); daily crystal meth injection (one missing response); daily heroin injection (one missing response); daily cocaine injection (two missing responses); daily marijuana use (four missing responses); binge injection drug use (one missing response).

MMT: Methadone maintenance treatment.