Table 4.

Self-reported^† methods of self-management of pain among people who inject drugs in Vancouver (Canada) reporting moderate-to-extreme pain and self-managed pain (n = 471).

Method	n (%), n = 471†
Inject heroin	248 (52.7)
Smoke/snort heroin	40 (8.5)
Obtained prescription pain medication from the street:	306 (65.0)
▪ Morphine	204 (43.3)
▪ Hydromorphone (e.g., Dilaudid®, Purdue Pharma, Ontario, Canada)	150 (31.8)
▪ Acetaminophen with codeine (e.g., Tylenol® with Codeine #3, McNeil Consumer Healthcare, Ontario, Canada)	119 (25.3)
▪ Acetaminophen with oxycodone (e.g., Percocet®, Bristol-Myers Squibb Canada, Quebec, Canada)	65 (13.8)
Obtained prescription pain medication from a friend/partner/acquaintance:	118 (25.1)
▪ Morphine	51 (10.8)
▪ Acetaminophen with codeine (e.g., Tylenol with Codeine #3)	49 (10.4)
▪ Hydromorphone (e.g., Dilaudid)	35 (16.4)
▪ Acetaminophen with oxycodone (e.g., Percocet)	17 (7.9)
Other drug use:
▪ Marijuana	101 (21.4)
▪ Cocaine	43 (9.1)
▪ Crack	41 (8.7)
▪ Alcohol	37 (7.9)
Over-the-counter medication:
▪ Ibuprofen (e.g., Advil®, Pfizer Canada, Quebec, Canada)	60 (12.7)
▪ Acetaminophen (e.g., Regular Strength Tylenol)	42 (8.9)
Nothing/ignore it/suffer through it/wait for it to pass	96 (20.4)
Heat (e.g., hot bath/shower, hot compress/pad)	48 (10.2)
Exercise	39 (8.3)
Rest/relax/relaxation techniques	38 (8.1)

^†Participants were able to provide more than one answer.