Table 1.

Major challenges in nanomedicine

Efficacy	Safety	Translation	Commercialization
Quality of NP synthesis & functionalization Sensitivity & specificity Signal-to-noise Tunable blood circulation half-life Optimal biodistribution Efficiency & throughput Controllability & tunability Optimal size & surface chemistry	Cytotoxicity Biocompatibility NP clearance NP degradation Off-target effects FDA approval Environmental effects	Impact to medicine Imaging probes & contrast agents Targeted delivery vehicles Molecular devices NP based drugs Disease diagnosis, treatment & intervention Tissue repair/regeneration Theranostics Clinical trials	Scale-up Barriers in regulation Robustness Cost Stability & storage life Quality control & BMP Standardization Packaging Venture capital