a, Cartoon of targeted recording in alert mice (left). Two-photon excitation (red beam) is used to visualize PV cells expressing tdTomato and recording pipette filled with Alexa dye (inset, 6 red PV cells, the pipette, green, is loose cell-attached to the PV cell in the center of the image; scale: 20 μm). Spike waveform is used to verify targeting of fast-spiking PV cells (black trace; gray trace is a PYR neuron waveform for comparison, scale: 0.5 mV, 1 ms). Bottom, example PV response to visual stimulation (gray shading, scale: 1mV, 500 ms). b, Example PV responses evoked by stimulation through either eye in control (black) and 1d MD (blue) anesthetized mice. Scale bar: 1mV, 500 ms. c, Mean firing rate at optimal orientation (Ipsi control 14 mice, n= 26 cells; Ipsi MD 5 mice, n= 18 cells; Contra control 14 mice, n= 26 cells; Contra MD 5 mice, n= 18 cells). ** P<0.005