Table 5.

Randomized controlled trials for reduction of structural barriers and out-of-pocket costs as interventional strategy.

Author	Aim	Intervention	Participants (n)	Participation, n (%)
Mant et al. (1992) [63]	FOBT completion after intervention	Group 1: posted FOBT	404	25.5
		Group 2: posted FOBT and invitation to health check	397	31.7*
		Group 3: invitation to health check explaining that a FOBT would be offered at the appointment	402	20.6
Miller and Wong (1993) [64]	FOBT completion after intervention	Group 1: prepared FOBT kits with prepaid postage	159	74*
		Group 2: usual care	166	61
Freedman and Mitchell (1994) [65]	FOBT completion after intervention	Group 1: returning FOBT by hand	146	37
		Group 2: returning FOBT by mail		57
		Group 3: returning FOBT with prepaid postage		71*
Ore et al. (2001) [66]	FOBT completion after intervention	Group 1: mailed FOBT kit and information leaflet about CRC risks and importance of early detection	976	19.9*
		Group 2: FOBT kit request and information leaflet about CRC risks and importance of early detection	864	15.9
Courtier et al. (2002) [67]	FOBT completion after intervention	Group 1: mail invitation letter together with two containers for faecal sample collection	1060	68*
		Group 2: visit by a trained nonhealth professional who helped to collect the faecal sample	965	75
Church et al. (2004) [17]	Any screening test after intervention	Group 1: mailed FOBT and educational brochure	1255	13.2*
		Group 2: same as Group 1 and phone call reminder		14.1
		Group 3: just mailed FOBT		7.8
Segnan et al. (2005) [18]	Screening FS or FOBT after intervention	Group 1: mailed invitation to biennial FOBT, FOBT, instructions, educational leaflet, and 2 reminder letters	26682	30
		Group 2: biennial FOBT delivered by the PCP or screening facility		28
		Group 3: same as Group 1 and invitation to choose between FOBT and once only FS		27
		Group 4: same as Group 1 and mailed invitation to FS		28
		Group 5: same as Group 1 and invitation to FS followed by biennial FOBT		28
Jandorf et al. (2005) [50]	CRC screening after intervention	Group 1: patient navigator (written reminders, phone calls, scheduling assistance, and encouraging participation)	38	23.7*
		Group 2: usual care	40	5
Dietrich et al. (2006) [53]	Any CRC screening after intervention	Group 1: educational brochure and 4 support calls by prevention care managers (provided motivational support, sent reminders and FOBT, arranged transportation, etc.)	696	63*  43 (FOBT)
		Group 2: single telephone call answering questions about screening and recommendations to order screening	694	50 31 (FOBT)
Beach et al. (2007) [55]	Any CRC screening after intervention	Group 1: prevention care managers (telephone reminders, emotional support, overcoming screening barriers, and scheduling screening appointments)	528	53*
		Group 2: usual care	542	38
Dietrich et al. (2007) [54]	Any CRC screening after intervention	Group 1: trained bilingual outreach specialist (telephone calls recommending screening) and mailed educational material	653	25*
		Group 2: prevention care managers (telephone calls recommending screening and discussing barriers against screening), material about overcoming barriers, and support scheduling screening appointments	663	32
Percac-Lima et al. (2009) [42]	Any CRC screening after intervention	Group 1: introductory letter + educational material + phone or in-person contact by language-concordant navigator (community health workers)	409	27*  21 (colonoscopy)*
		Group 2: usual care	814	12 10 (colonoscopy)
Sequist et al. (2009) [22]	Any screening test after intervention	Group 1: educational pamphlet, mailed FOBT with a stamped return envelope, telephone number to schedule colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy, and mailed reminder	10930	44*
		Group 2: usual care	10930	38.1
Potter et al. (2009) [68]	Screening FOBT after intervention	Group 1: influenza vaccination, colourful multilingual education sheet and FOBT kit, and stamped return envelope.	246	57.3
		Group 2: influenza vaccination (usual care)	268	84.3
Blumenthal et al. (2010) [57]	CRC screening after intervention	Group 1: introductory meetings and written information (CRC screening information and National Cancer Institute pamphlet)	62	17.7
		Group 2: same as group 1 and 3 sessions (45 minutes) with a health educator (one-to-one)	63	22.2
		Group 3: same as Group 3 but in groups of 4–14 participants (group education)	67	25.4
		Group 4: same as Group 1 and financial support covering (covering screening, transportation, and other nonmedical expenses)	65	33.9∗†
Lasser et al. (2011) [46]	Colonoscopy or FOBT screening after intervention	Group 1: introductory letter with educational material and patient navigation-based intervention (phone calls offering CRC screening)	235	33.6∗‡
		Group 2: usual care	230	20
Coronado et al. (2011) [26]	Screening FOBT after intervention	Group 1: usual care	195	2*
		Group 2: mailed FOBT and instructions	168	26
		Group 3: same as Group 2, phone call reminder and home visit by trained community members addressing strategies for CRC screening and definition of CRC	168	31
Hoffman et al. (2011) [69]	FOBT/colonoscopy screening after intervention	Group 1: electronic medical record, and mailed gFOBT	3221	48.5*
		Groups 2, 3, and 4: CRC screening offered in a clinic	3184	18.6; 14.3; 18.8
Potter et al. (2011) [70]	CRC screening during Flu campaigns	Group 1: nurse offering FOBT to patients waiting for their influenza vaccination and an envelope for mailing the FOBT kits, and a reminder 1 month later	695	30.3*
		Group 2: usual care (only received influenza vaccination)	677	13.7

*Statistically significant (P < 0.05).

^†Statistically significant Group 4 versus Group 1.

^‡More beneficial for patients whose primary language was not English.