Table 5.
Multinomial Probit Estimates for Migration Status and Distance for Individuals Age 15–19 in Chitwan Valley, Nepal in 1996
| Migration Statusb | Migration Distanceb | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Return Migrant | Ongoing Migrant | Within District | Outside District | |||||
| Variable | Coeff | Sth Erra | Coeff | Sth Erra | Coeff | Sth Erra | Coeff | Sth Erra |
| Intercept | −7.49*** | 1.30 | −4.74*** | 1.12 | −3.46** | 1.18 | −7.61*** | 1.17 |
| Household Land Holdings Size | ||||||||
| Bariland - up to 3/4 HA | 0.94* | 0.41 | 0.92* | 0.37 | 1.11** | 0.42 | 0.74* | 0.37 |
| Bariland - over 3/4 HA | −0.61 | 0.47 | −0.94* | 0.41 | −0.92* | 0.46 | −0.78 | 0.42 |
| Khetland - up to 3/4 HA | 0.22 | 0.34 | 0.76* | 0.31 | 0.92** | 0.33 | 0.40 | 0.32 |
| Khetland - over 3/4 HA | −0.097 | 0.19 | −0.083 | 0.12 | −0.15 | 0.17 | −0.034 | 0.12 |
| Household Land Holding Status | ||||||||
| Owns any land | 0.00045 | 0.47 | −0.79* | 0.40 | −1.11** | 0.38 | −0.17 | 0.47 |
| Sharecrops any land | −0.15 | 0.19 | −0.16 | 0.17 | −0.15 | 0.20 | −0.16 | 0.17 |
| Mortgages any land | −0.13 | 0.27 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.15 | 0.25 | 0.089 | 0.21 |
| Crop Portfolio | ||||||||
| Grows only cash crops | −0.93 | 0.56 | −0.10 | 0.50 | −0.17 | 0.53 | −0.40 | 0.44 |
| Grows only rice | 0.098 | 0.20 | 0.034 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.19 | −0.094 | 0.18 |
| Does not grow crops | 0.078 | 0.49 | 0.79* | 0.37 | 0.74 | 0.38 | 0.46 | 0.39 |
| Grows combination of crops | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Animal Husbandry | ||||||||
| Number of cattle (logged) | −0.13 | 0.15 | −0.13 | 0.13 | −0.17 | 0.15 | −0.098 | 0.12 |
| Number of buffalo (logged) | −0.087 | 0.17 | −0.22 | 0.17 | −0.11 | 0.18 | −0.26 | 0.15 |
| Number of pigs (logged) | −1.58* | 0.66 | −0.42 | 0.33 | −0.30 | 0.37 | −0.97** | 0.34 |
| Farm Mechanization | ||||||||
| Household uses irrigation pump | −0.27 | 0.27 | 0.064 | 0.19 | −0.22 | 0.23 | 0.13 | 0.22 |
| Household uses tractor | 0.12 | 0.23 | 0.047 | 0.22 | −0.017 | 0.24 | 0.13 | 0.22 |
| Demographic Characteristics of Individual | ||||||||
| Gender (male) | 1.51** | 0.47 | 0.42 | 0.40 | −0.21 | 0.42 | 1.72*** | 0.47 |
| Age (in years) | 0.26*** | 0.067 | 0.22*** | 0.052 | 0.15** | 0.056 | 0.31*** | 0.056 |
| Marital status (ever-married) | 0.31 | 0.33 | −0.78* | 0.34 | −0.23 | 0.36 | −0.55 | 0.30 |
| Any Own children in Household | −1.13** | 0.44 | −1.05** | 0.37 | −0.87* | 0.37 | −1.47*** | 0.41 |
| Educational Attainment | ||||||||
| Less than six years of education | 0.82* | 0.41 | 0.92*** | 0.24 | 0.62* | 0.25 | 1.38*** | 0.34 |
| Six years of education | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Over six years of education | 0.91* | 0.38 | 0.76** | 0.24 | 0.57* | 0.26 | 1.27*** | 0.34 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||
| Upper caste Hindu | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Hill Tibeto Burmise | 0.024 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.17 | 0.25 | 0.22 | 0.23 |
| Lower caste Hindu | 0.35 | 0.29 | 0.20 | 0.25 | −0.016 | 0.31 | 0.50* | 0.24 |
| Newar | −0.56 | 0.43 | −0.25 | 0.30 | −0.40 | 0.31 | −0.21 | 0.31 |
| Terai Tibeto Burmise | −0.35 | 0.30 | −0.92*** | 0.26 | −0.55 | 0.28 | −0.92*** | 0.27 |
| Migrations since age 13 (count, logged) | 0.78** | 0.30 | 0.70** | 0.25 | 0.92*** | 0.26 | 0.51 | 0.28 |
| Other Household Characteristics | ||||||||
| Parents' Residence in Household | ||||||||
| Both parents reside | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Only one parent resides | −0.25 | 0.31 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 0.32 | 0.27 | −0.19 | 0.24 |
| Neither parent resides | 0.11 | 0.34 | 0.48 | 0.34 | 0.21 | 0.37 | 0.45 | 0.31 |
| Other members age 14 or younger (count, logged) | −0.11 | 0.15 | −0.064 | 0.11 | −0.057 | 0.12 | −0.098 | 0.12 |
| Other members age 15–55 (count, logged) | −0.18 | 0.17 | −0.24 | 0.16 | −0.21 | 0.18 | −0.23 | 0.15 |
| Other members age 56 or older (count, logged) | −0.30 | 0.28 | −0.51* | 0.21 | −0.48 | 0.25 | −0.45* | 0.22 |
| Members with migration experience (count, logged) | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.35 | 0.19 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.34* | 0.17 |
| Household wealth distribution position | ||||||||
| Bottom Tercile | 0.15 | 0.23 | 0.13 | 0.20 | 0.048 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.22 |
| Middle Tercile | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Top Tercile | 0.44* | 0.21 | 0.28 | 0.17 | 0.23 | 0.18 | 0.44* | 0.18 |
| Neighborhood/Village Variables | ||||||||
| Undeveloped or common land in neighborhood (%, logged) | 0.26 | 0.17 | 0.24* | 0.12 | 0.26 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.12 |
| Time since obtaining electicity (years, logged) | −0.12 | 0.090 | −0.13 | 0.082 | −0.16 | 0.094 | −0.11 | 0.086 |
| Distance of district town (Km, logged) | 0.45** | 0.17 | 0.39* | 0.16 | 0.36 | 0.18 | 0.40* | 0.16 |
| Interaction Terms | ||||||||
| Male × Less than six years of education | −0.72 | 0.53 | −0.63 | 0.42 | −0.33 | 0.47 | −1.16* | 0.46 |
| Male × Over six years of education | −0.94 | 0.50 | −0.11 | 0.46 | 0.30 | 0.47 | −1.08* | 0.52 |
| −2LL | 1534.20 | 1665.80 | ||||||
| Wald Chi-Square | 546.7*** | 805.2*** | ||||||
| N | 876 | 876 | ||||||
Notes:
a
Robust standard errors corrected for neighborhood-level clustering
b
Reference Category is 'Did not Migrate'
*
p < .05
**
p < .01
***
p < .001 (Two-Tailed Test)
Statistically signficant (p < 0.05) joint hypothesis tests for household farming indicated in bold.