Table 1A.
Multinomial Probit Estimates for Migration Status (Circular Migration vs 'Permanent' Migration) in Chitwan Valley, Nepal in 1996
| Migration Statusb | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Circular Migrant | Permanent' Migrant | |||
| Variable | Coeff | Std Erra | Coeff | Std Erra |
| Intercept | −7.04*** | 1.09 | −3.14** | 1.22 |
| Household Land Holdings Size | ||||
| Bariland - up to 3/4 HA | 0.92* | 0.37 | 0.93* | 0.43 |
| Bariland - over 3/4 HA | −0.91* | 0.37 | −0.78 | 0.50 |
| Khetland - up to 3/4 HA | 0.48 | 0.30 | 0.87* | 0.36 |
| Khetland - over 3/4 HA | 0.00092 | 0.13 | −0.33* | 0.16 |
| Household Land Holding Status | ||||
| Owns any land | −0.39 | 0.41 | −0.87* | 0.38 |
| Sharecrops any land | −0.18 | 0.16 | −0.082 | 0.19 |
| Mortgages any land | 0.012 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.25 |
| Crop Portfolio | ||||
| Grows only cash crops | −0.67 | 0.42 | 0.21 | 0.57 |
| Grows only rice | −0.013 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.19 |
| Does not grow crops | 0.30 | 0.39 | 0.87* | 0.37 |
| Grows combination of crops | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Animal Husbandry | ||||
| Number of cattle (logged) | −0.046 | 0.13 | −0.27* | 0.14 |
| Number of buffalo (logged) | −0.21 | 0.16 | −0.12 | 0.17 |
| Number of pigs (logged) | −1.01** | 0.35 | −0.11 | 0.35 |
| Farm Mechanization | ||||
| Household uses irrigation pump | −0.036 | 0.21 | 0.051 | 0.25 |
| Household uses tractor | 0.15 | 0.21 | −0.094 | 0.23 |
| Demographic Characteristics of Individual | ||||
| Gender (male) | 1.04* | 0.44 | 0.39 | 0.44 |
| Age (in years) | 0.30*** | 0.050 | 0.13* | 0.060 |
| Marital status (ever-married) | −0.083 | 0.33 | −1.10** | 0.39 |
| Any Own children in Household | −1.24*** | 0.37 | −0.81* | 0.40 |
| Educational Attainment | ||||
| Less than six years of education | 0.98** | 0.30 | 0.74** | 0.26 |
| Six years of education | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Over six years of education | 0.99*** | 0.30 | 0.51 | 0.27 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Upper caste Hindu | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Hill Tibeto Burmise | 0.11 | 0.23 | 0.33 | 0.26 |
| Lower caste Hindu | 0.11 | 0.24 | 0.44 | 0.28 |
| Newar | −0.43 | 0.31 | −0.079 | 0.31 |
| Terai Tibeto Burmise | −0.98*** | 0.25 | −0.43 | 0.28 |
| Migrations since age 13 (count, logged) | 0.86** | 0.28 | 0.45 | 0.27 |
| Other Household Characteristics | ||||
| Parents' Residence in Household | ||||
| Both parents reside | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Only one parent resides | −0.15 | 0.26 | 0.39 | 0.28 |
| Neither parent resides | 0.15 | 0.34 | 0.79* | 0.36 |
| Other members age 14 or younger (count, logged) | −0.081 | 0.11 | −0.096 | 0.12 |
| Other members age 15–55 (count, logged) | −0.19 | 0.15 | −0.30 | 0.18 |
| Other members age 56 or older (count, logged) | −0.33 | 0.22 | −0.78** | 0.25 |
| Members with migration experience (count, logged) | 0.32 | 0.18 | 0.25 | 0.21 |
| Household wealth distribution position | ||||
| Bottom Tercile | 0.25 | 0.21 | −0.023 | 0.20 |
| Middle Tercile | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Top Tercile | 0.40* | 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.19 |
| Neighborhood/Village Variables | ||||
| Undeveloped or common land in neighborhood (%, logged) | 0.29* | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 |
| Time since obtaining electicity (years, logged) | −0.15 | 0.086 | −0.099 | 0.088 |
| Distance of district town (Km) | 0.46** | 0.16 | 0.27 | 0.18 |
| Interaction Terms | ||||
| Male × Less than six years of education | −0.71 | 0.46 | −0.62 | 0.46 |
| Male × Over six years of education | −0.52 | 0.48 | −0.26 | 0.50 |
| −2LL | 1611.00 | |||
| Wald Chi-Square | 579.3*** | |||
| N | 876 | |||
Notes:
a
Robust standard errors corrected for neighborhood-level clustering
b
Reference Category is 'Did not Migrate'
*
p < .05
**
p < .01
***
p < .001 (Two-Tailed Test)