Figure 5. .

Confounding factors when studying myocyte turnover. DNA incorporation of nucleoside analogues or nuclear expression of cell-cycle proteins, while demonstrating cell-cycle activity, does not necessarily translate into genuine cell division and proliferation; confounding factors that need to be accounted for include polyploidization (DNA proliferation without karyokinesis and cytokinesis) and bi/multinucleation (DNA proliferation and karyokinesis without cytokinesis) and to a lesser degree cell fusion and DNA repair.