Skip to main content
. 2014 Mar 24;9(3):e90203. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090203

Table 2. Diseases and clinical entities associated with T. gondii infection.

Disease/Clinical entity References
Congenital toxoplasmosis (encephalitis; chorioretinitis; neonatal mortality) [100], [149], [155][158]
Psychosis; schizophrenia; bipolar disorder [159][166]
Mood disorders; suicide; depression (?) [167][174]
Obsessive-compulsive disorder [175], [176]
Attention/concentration deficit hyperactivity disorder [175], [177]
Anorexia [178][181]
Autism spectrum disorders [164], [177], [182][185]
Down's syndrome [182], [186][188]
Alzheimer's disease [182], [189][191]
Parkinson's disease [192], [193]
Migraine; other headaches [194][197]
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension [177], [180], [198]
Pseudotumor cerebri [180], [198]
Aseptic meningitis [180], [198]
Mollaret meningitis [199]
Epilepsy [200], [201]
Aphasia and epilepsy (Landau-Kleffner syndrome) [202]
Facial nerve palsy (Bell's palsy) [203]
Hearing loss [204], [205]
Central diabetes insipidus; syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion [156], [206][209]
Hypothalamo-pituitary dysfunction; panhypopituitarism [209][211]
Brain tumors (meningioma; ependymoma; glioma) [196], [212][216]
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma [217], [218]
Neoplasia [216], [219][221]
Melanoma [216], [222][226]
Breast cancer [227]
Carcinoma of female genitalia, including cervical tissue [228]
Chronic heart failure; myocarditis; arrhythmia [229][231]
Inflammatory bowel disease [232][234]
Ulcerative colitis [232]
Crohn's disease [232]
Celiac disease [232], [235]
Abdominal hernia [233], [236]
Hepatitis, including HCV infection [237][246]
Granulomatous liver disease [247], [248]
Liver cirrhosis; granulomatous liver disease; impaired liver function [242][244], [249][253]
Primary biliary cirrhosis; biliary atresia; cholestatic disorders [254][261]
Diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2 [189], [262][264]
Goitre; iodine deficiency [265][268]
Hashimoto's thyroiditis [269]
Graves' disease; thyroid adenoma [269][271]
Rheumatoid arthritis; Still's disease [272][277]
Polymyositis [231], [278][283]
Systemic sclerosis [277], [284], [285]
Systemic lupus erythematosus [286]
Wegener's granulomatosis; other vasculitides 205; 215 [277], [287]
Anti-phospholipid syndrome [287]
Cryoglobulinemia [287]
Ocular toxoplasmosis (retinochorioiditis; uveitis; blurred vision; floaters; macular scars; nystagmus; strabismus; reduced visual acuity; blindness; scleritis; papillitis; retinal necrosis; vasculitis; retinal detachment; vitritis; congenital cataract; neuroretinitis; atrophic optic papilla; retinitis pigmentosa) [225], [288][291]
Glaucoma [292], [293]
Ovarian dysfunction [294][296]
Uterine atrophy [297]
Impaired reproductive function (T. gondii was present in testicles, epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland in rams, and caused abnormalities in sperm motility, viability and concentration rates, weight of epididymis in rats, orchitis) [255], [296], [298][300]
Nephrotic syndrome; lipoid nephrosis [250], [251], [255], [301][306]
Schönlein-Henoch purpura [196], [307], [308]
Glomerulonephritis (various forms; including these with development of fibrosis); impaired kidney function [250], [251], [301], [305], [306], [309][312]
Atherosclerosis; obesity; cardiovascular deaths; all-cause mortality [253], [313][318]
Diverse abnormalities in aggregate personality; including aggressive behavior in animals and humans [9], [319][321]