Table 1. Bivariate analysis of factors associated with nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among persons living in the city of Botucatu, Brazil, alongside with data from six MRSA carriers in that population.
| Factors | S. aureus (224) | Controls (462) | OR (95%CI) | P | MRSA (6) |
| Demographic data | |||||
| Male gender | 119 (53.3) | 185 (40.0) | 1.70 (1.23–2.34) | 0.001 | 3 (50.0) |
| Age, mean (range) | 28.1 (1–90) | 36.3 (1–87) | … | <0.001 | 43.7 (20–56) |
| Student | 94 (42.0) | 130 (28.2) | 1.84 (1.32–2.57) | <0.001 | 1 (16.7) |
| Less than fundamental schooling* | 106 (47.3) | 187 (41.3) | 1.23 (0.93–1.76) | 0.13 | 1 (16.7) |
| Employed | 74 (33.0) | 178 (38.5) | 0.79 (0.56–1.10) | 0.16 | 4 (66.7) |
| Family income, median (range) in US dollars** | 800 (200–6,000) | 750 (350–8,000) | … | 0.92 | 700 (300–2,500) |
| Child attending a crèche | 16 (7.1) | 22 (4.8) | 1.84 (0.79–2.99) | 0.02 | 0 (0.0) |
| Military | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) | 0.0 (…) | 1.00 | 0 (0.0) |
| Has been in a prison | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) | 0.0 (…) | 1.00 | 0 (0.0) |
| Has been in a nursing home | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | 2.07 (0.13–33.20) | 0.55 | 0 (0.0) |
| Behavioral factors | |||||
| Smoking | 20 (8.9) | 56 (12.1) | 0.71 (0.42–1.22) | 0.21 | 0 (0.0) |
| Alcoholism*** | 30 (13.4) | 64 (13.9) | 0.96 (0.60–1.53) | 0.87 | 0 (0.0) |
| Use of illegal drugs (inhaled) | 0 | 1 (0.2) | 0.0 (…) | 1.00 | 0 (0.0) |
| Use of illegal drugs (intravenous) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.4) | 0.0 (…) | 1.00 | 0 (0.0) |
| Regular practice of sports | 61 (27.2) | 86 (18.6) | 1.64 (1.12–2.38) | 0.01 | |
| Use of earrings | 76 (33.9) | 206 (44.6) | 0.64 (0.46–0.89) | 0.008 | 0 (0.0) |
| Use of piercing | 7 (3.1) | 24 (5.2) | 0.59 (0.25–1.38) | 0.22 | 0 (0.0) |
| Tatoo | 18 (8.0) | 47 (10.2) | 0.77 (0.44–1.36) | 0.37 | 0 (0.0) |
| Comorbidities and health-related factors | |||||
| Heart disease | 5 (2.2) | 15 (3.2) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Lung disease | 14 (6.3) | 17 (3.7) | 1.75 (0.84–3.61) | 0.13 | 1 (16.7) |
| Renal disease | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.6) | 0.0 (…) | 0.23 | 0 (0.0) |
| Central Nervous System Disease | 5 (2.2) | 13 (2.8) | 0.79 (0.28–2.24) | 0.66 | 0 (0.0) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 4 (1.8) | 13 (2.8) | 0.35 (0.12–0.95) | 0.04 | 0 (0.0) |
| Solid malignancy | 2 (0.4) | 5 (1.1) | 0.83 (0.16–3.30) | 1.0 | 0 (0.0) |
| Pressure ulcer | 2 (0.4) | 9 (1.9) | 0.45 (0.10–2.12) | 1.0 | 0 (0.0) |
| Recent skin infection**** | 25 (11.2) | 27 (5.8) | 2.02 (1.15–3.56) | 0.01 | 2 (33.3) |
| Recent pneumonia**** | 3 (1.3) | 11 (2.4) | 0.56 (0.15–2.02) | 0.57 | 0 (0.0) |
| Use of antimicrobials**** | 56 (25.0) | 93 (20.1) | 1.32 (0.91–1.93) | 0.15 | 2 (33.3) |
| Use of steroids**** | 4 (1.8) | 6 (1.3) | 1.38 (0.39–4.95) | 0.74 | 0 (0.0) |
| Admission to a hospital**** | 14 (6.3) | 20 (4.3) | 1.47 (0.73–2.97) | 0.28 | 0 (0.0) |
| Surgery**** | 8 (3.6) | 13 (2.8) | 1.28 (0.52–3.13) | 0.59 | 0 (0.0) |
Note. All data presented in number(%), unless otherwise specified. Statistically significant results presented in boldface. OR, Odds Ratio; CI, Confidence interval.
*Less than eight years of schooling.
** Data represent the family monthly income. Based on November 2012 exchange parameters (1 dollar is approximately equal to 2 “reais” [Brazilian currency]).
***Regular consumption of alcoholic beverages more than two times a week.
****Events from the past year.