Table 3.

Pros and cons of (unbalanced) crystalloid fluids leading to under- or over-resuscitation in clinical practice

Too little	Too much
Tissue hypoxygenation	Tissue edema and hypoxygenation
Risk for acute kidney injury	Compartment syndromes and renal dysfunction
Lactate and unmeasured anion acidosis	Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis and risk forhypernatremia
Gastrointestinal disturbances	Anastomotic leakage; diarrhea and other gastrointestinal disturbances
	Pulmonary edema; hepatic congestion and injury
	Prolonged mechanical ventilation