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a, Major shared features of various vertebrate taxa; b, unique features of C. milii. Lampreys and hagfishes (cyclostomes) lack mineralized tissues. In contrast, cartilaginous fishes produce extensive dermal bone such as teeth, dermal denticle and fin spine. However, they lack the ability to make endochondral bone which is unique to bony vertebrates. Divergence times are from refs 6, 36. Ceno, Cenozoic era; PC, Precambrian era.
