Table I.
Univariate conditional logistic regression for association of solid fuel use and other covariates with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) among rural women, Sindh, Pakistan.
| Characteristic | Cases n (%) | Controls n (%) | mOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Education | |||
| Educateda | 20 (27.4) | 16 (21.9) | 1 (reference) |
| Uneducatedb | 53 (72.6) | 57 (78.1) | 1.4 (0.6, 3.4) |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Otherc | 45 (61.6) | 44 (60.3) | 1 (reference) |
| Urdu | 28 (38.4) | 29 (39.7) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.9) |
| BMI (per unit increase) | 24.5 ±5.6 | 23.1 ±5.6 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) |
| Family history of chronic diseasesd | |||
| No | 27 (37) | 36 (49.3) | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 46 (63) | 37 (50.7) | 1.6 (0.8, 3.1) |
| Use of Banaspati Gheee | |||
| No | 17 (23.3) | 21 (28.8) | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 56 (76.7) | 52 (71) | 1.8 (0.6, 5.4) |
| Meat consumptionf | |||
| No | 34 (46.6) | 31 (42.5) | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 39 (53.4) | 42 (57.5) | 0.6 (0.2, 2.0) |
| Chewable tobaccog | |||
| No | 62 (84.9) | 63 (86.3) | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 11 (15.1) | 10 (13.7) | 1.2 (0.4, 3.9) |
| Vigorous physical activity | |||
| Yes | 16 (21.9) | 16 (21.9) | 1 (reference) |
| No | 57 (78) | 57 (78) | 1.0 (0.4, 2.3) |
| Type of househ | |||
| Pakka/mixed | 26 (35.6) | 28 (38.4) | 1 (reference) |
| Kachha | 47 (64.4) | 45 (61.6) | 1.1 (0.6, 2.2) |
| Smoker in the house (Environmental Tobacco Smoke) | |||
| No | 25 (34.2) | 31 (42.5) | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 48 (65.8) | 42 (57.5) | 1.5 (0.7, 3.1) |
| Type of Kitchen | |||
| Not connected to living area | 57 (78.1) | 62 (84.9) | 1 (reference) |
| Connected to living area | 16 (21.9) | 11 (15.1) | 2.3 (0.7, 7.3) |
| Fuel type for cooking | |||
| Current natural gas user | 28 (38.3) | 33 (45.2) | 1 (reference) |
| Current solid fuel useri | 45 (61.7) | 40 (54.8) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.4) |
| Fuel type for cooking | |||
| Natural gas user for >15 years | 22 (30.1) | 25 (34.2) | 1 (reference) |
| Natural gas user for ≤15 years | 6 (8.2) | 8 (11.0) | 1.2 (0.4, 4.3) |
| Current solid fuel user | 45 (61.7) | 40 (54.8) | 1.5 (0.5, 4.8) |
Abbreviations: mOR, matched odds ratios; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index – presented as mean ±SD.
Able to read/write or having studied in school/ Madrassa (informal education).
Unable to read/write or no formal/informal education.
Includes Sindhi, Saraiki, Balochi, Panjabi and Gujrati ethnicities.
Family history (parents or siblings) of heart disease and/or hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus.
Type of saturated fat commonly used for cooking in Pakistan.
Use any of the meat types i.e. beef, mutton, chicken or fish at least once a week or more.
Use of Paan (locally made product that contains betel nuts and tobacco)/Chaalia (betel nut) containing tobacco.
Kaccha house refers to thatched/mud dwelling, whereas pakka house stands for concrete/brick dwelling.
Women presently using wood, cow dung, crop residue or coal as a fuel for cooking.