Table 1.
Evidence of Involvement of Oxidative Stress in Anxiety-related Disorders
| S # | Paradigm | Species | Behavioral Profile | Biochemical Profile | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | OF EPM Soc Int |
Mice | Anxiety | p66Shc gene deletion | Berry et al., 2006 |
| 2. | OF | Mice | Anxiety | Plasma phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) effect on vitamin E transport | Desrumeux et al., 2005 |
| 3. | Light/dark test | Mice | Anxiety | Intracellular ROS in peripheral granulocytes | Bouayed et al., 2007 |
| 4. | Light/dark test OF |
Rats | Anxiety | Intragastric vitamin A treatment | Oliveira et al., 2006 |
| 5. | Light/dark test OF |
Rats | Anxiety | L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO) | Salim et al., 2010a |
| 6. | Light/dark test OF |
Rats | Anxiety | Urinary 8-isoprostane; malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the hippocampus and amygdala | Salim et al., 2010b |
| 7. | Light/dark test OF |
Rats | Anxiety | Protein residues of tyrosine and tryptophan in the frontal cortex |
Souza et al., 2007 |
| 8. | EPM OF Hole board test |
Mice | Anxiety | Massod et al., 2008 | |
| 9. | Light/dark test | Mice | Anxiety | ROS in peripheral blood lymphocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes |
Rammal et al., 2008 |
| 10. | DSM-IV criteria | Humans | Obsessive-compulsive disorder | Venous blood levels of GSH-Px, CAT, and MDA antioxidant enzymes | Kuloglu et al., 2002a |
| 11. | DSM-IV criteria | Humans | Panic disorder | Levels of GSH-Px, SOD, CAT, and MDA antioxidant enzymes | Kuloglu et al., 2002b |
| 12. | DSM-IV criteria | Humans | Anxiety | plasma catecholamines and ROS | Yasunari et al., 2006 |
| 13. | EPM | Rats | Anxiety | ROS and MDA in cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum in High and Low Freezing animals | Hassan et al., 2013 |
| 14. | Depression and alcohol use disorders | Animal models (review) |
Depression and alcohol use disorders | ROS levels | Hovatta et al., 2010 |
| 15. | Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and prion disease | Humans (review) | Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and prion disease | ROS and protein aggregation levels | Gaeta and Hider, 2005 |
| 16. | Major depression and bipolar disorder | Humans | Major depression and bipolar disorder | Glo1 mRNA in peripheral white blood cells | Fujimoto et al., 2008 |
| 17. | Depression | Humans | Depression | Copper levels | Salustri et al., 2010 |
| 18. | Alzheimer’s disease | Humans | Alzheimer’s disease | Oxidized purine and pyrimidine basis in nuclear DNA damage | Gabbita et al., 1998 |
| 19. | Aging | Humans and mice (review) | Age-related impairments in learning and memory | ROS effects in LTP of hippocampal cells (review) | Serrano and Klann, 2004 |
| 20. | Mild cognitive impairment | Humans | Mild cognitive impairment | 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal levels in the hippocampus and inferior parietal lobules | Butterfield et al., 2006 |
| 21. | Schizophrenia | Humans | Schizophrenia | Plasma levels of pentosidine and serum vitamin B6 | Arai et al., 2010 |
BSO, L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine; CAT, catalase; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition; EPM, elevated plus maze; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase; LTP, long-term potentiation; MDA, malondialdehyde; OF, open field; PLTP, plasma phospholipid transfer protein; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Soc Int, social interaction; SOD, superoxide dismutase