Table 1.
Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging studies of schizophrenia subjects and antipsychotic exposure included in the meta-analysis.
| Author & year | Brain volumetric data used in analysis |
Follow-up duration | Type of antipsychotic |
Previous antipsychotic medication |
Substance abuse |
Schizophrenia patients | Healthy controls | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weeks means |
SD | Y (%) | Y/N | n | Age years | SD | % F | n | Age years | SD | % F | |||
| Arango 2012 (Arango et al., 2012) | WBV, GMV, WMV, CSF | 104.8 | 12.00 | MIX | Y (96) | N | 25 | 15.50 | 2.00 | 28.00 | 94 | 15.30 | 1.50 | 67.00 |
| Boonstra 2011 (Boonstra et al., 2011) | WBV, GMV*, WMV*, LV, NC | 57.27 | 8.55 | ATYP | Y (100) | Y | 8 FE AF | 27.97 | 8.24 | 25.00 | 20 | 27.97 | 5.63 | 33.30 |
| 54.00 | 0.84 | ATYP | Y (100) | Y | 8 FE | 29.56 | 5.72 | 25.00 | ||||||
| Chakos 1994 (Chakos et al., 1994) | LV, NC | 72.00 | . | TYP | Y (27.5) | N | 29 | 25.20 | 6.30 | 41.30 | 10 | 30.50 | 4.90 | 20.00 |
| Crespo-Facorro 2008 (Crespo-Facorro et al., 2008) | WBV, GMV, WMV, LV, NC | 54.60 | 4.60 | TYP | NA | Y | 18 Hal | 29.76 | 7.88 | 38.90 | 38 | Matched | . | 31.60 |
| 55.30 | 4.20 | ATYP | NA | Y | 18 Olan | 28.00 | 5.09 | 27.80 | . | . | . | |||
| 53.70 | 3.50 | ATYP | NA | Y | 16 Risp | 24.99 | 5.96 | 18.70 | . | . | . | |||
| DeLisi 2004 (DeLisi et al., 2004) | LV | 520.00 | . | MIX | Y | NA | 26 | 26.80 | 7.08 | 34.60 | 20 | 25.50 | . | 40.00 |
| Frazier 1996 (Frazier et al., 1996) | LV, NC | 104.00 | . | Clo/MIX | Y | NA | 8 | 15.10 | 2.30 | 13.00 | 8 | 15.40 | 3.10 | 12.50 |
| Garver 2005 (Garver et al., 2005) | WMV, CSF | 4.00 | . | TYP | Y | N | 6 | 32.20 | 14.80 | 33.00 | 7 | 29.00 | 9.00 | 28.60 |
| 4.00 | . | ATYP | Y | N | 13 | 31.60 | 10.20 | 31.00 | . | . | . | . | ||
| Gur 1998 (Gur et al., 1998) | WBV | 119.20 | 48.80 | MIX | N (100) | NA | 20 FE | 29.20 | 8.00 | 42.50 | 17 | 31.90 | 8.90 | 23.50 |
| WBV | 119.20 | 48.80 | MIX | Y (100) | NA | 20 Ch | 29.20 | 8.00 | 42.50 | . | . | . | . | |
| Heitmiller 2004 (Heitmiller et al., 2004) | NC | 120.80 | . | ATYP | N | NA | 14 | 26.30 | 6.80 | 50.00 | 14 | 26.70 | 11.30 | 50.00 |
| Ho 2011 (Ho et al., 2011) | GMV* | 374.40 | 202.80 | MIX | Y (86) | Y | 211 | 26.30 | 7.60 | 28.00 | . | . | . | . |
| Ho 2003 (Ho et al., 2003) | WBV | 171.00 | 83.20 | MIX | Y (55) | NA | 73 | 24.50 | 4.67 | 27.00 | 23 | 26.90 | 1.60 | 34.80 |
| James 2004 (James et al., 2004) | WBV | 125.84 | 82.68 | Cloz/ATYP | Y (70) | NA | 9 M | 17.70 | 1.70 | . | 9 M | 15.70 | 2.00 | . |
| 88.92 | 27.04 | Cloz/ATYP | Y (38) | . | 7 F | 15.30 | 1.50 | . | 7 F | 16.40 | 2.10 | . | ||
| Keshavan 1994 (Keshavan et al., 1994) | NC | 43.57 | TYP | N | NA | 11 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |
| Lang 2004 (Lang et al., 2004) | NC | 56.00 | 17.10 | ATYP | Y (100) | N | 10 | 35.30 | 8.80 | 30.00 | 23 | 23.30 | 7.40 | 47.80 |
| 52.10 | 6.90 | ATYP | Y (100) | N | 14 | 23.70 | 3.30 | 28.60 | . | . | . | . | ||
| 42.20 | 12.10 | ATYP | Y (100) | N | 13 | 25.60 | 8.20 | 23.10 | . | . | . | . | ||
| Lieberman 2005 (Lieberman et al., 2005) | WBV, GMV, LV | 52.00 | . | TYP | Y (67.1) | N | 79 | 24.11 | 4.64 | 10.00 | 62 | 25.53 | 4.13 | 35.50 |
| 52.00 | . | ATYP | Y (76.8) | N | 82 | 23.60 | 4.64 | 21.00 | ||||||
| Massana 2005 (Massana et al., 2005) | NC | 9.00 | . | ATYP | N | NA | 11 | 23.00 | 4.00 | 27.00 | . | . | . | . |
| McClure 2008 (McClure et al., 2008) | NC | 12.00 | . | ATYP/Cloz | Y | N | 10 | 36.70 | 7.70 | 10.00 | . | . | . | . |
| Molina 2005 (Molina et al., 2005) | WBV, GMV, WMV | 102.40 | 39.60 | ATYP | N (100) | N | 49 | 25.60 | 4.00 | 31.00 | 11 | 28.40 | 6.20 | 54.50 |
| 114.80 | 47.20 | Clo | Y | N | 29Ch | 31.00 | 5.90 | |||||||
| Nakamura 2007 (Nakamura et al., 2007) | WMV, LV | 72.40 | 46.40 | ATYP | Y | N | 17 FE | 24.70 | 7.00 | 17.70 | 26 | 23.60 | 4.10 | 15.40 |
| Puri 2001 (Puri et al., 2001) | LV | 30.90 | 6.20 | MIX | Y | N | 24 | 28.47 | 8.45 | . | 12 | 27.92 | 6.14 | . |
| Reig 2009 (Reig et al., 2009) | GMV, WMV, CSF | 104.00 | . | Cloz/ATYP | Y | N | 21 | 15.70 | 1.70 | 23.80 | 34 | 15.20 | 1.40 | 38.20 |
| Saijo 2001 (Saijo et al., 2001) | LV | 520.00 | . | NA | NA | N | 18 | 37.50 | 8.90 | 50.00 | 12 | 37.10 | 4.20 | 41.70 |
| Scheepers 2001 (Scheepers et al., 2001) | WBV, NC | 24.00 | . | CLOZ | Y (100) | N | 29 | 35.23 | 10.34 | 30.80 | . | . | . | . |
| Sporn 2003 (Sporn et al., 2003) | WBV*, GMV*, LV | 176.80 | 72.80 | MIX | NA | N | 39 | 15.00 | 2.30 | 38.50 | 43 | 14.80 | 2.20 | 37.20 |
| Takahashi 2009 (Takahashi et al., 2009) | WBV* | 105.04 | 39.52 | MIX | Y | N | 23 FE | 21.60 | 3.50 | 30.40 | 26 | 25.60 | 9.10 | 42.30 |
| 125.32 | 50.44 | MIX | Y | N | 11Ch | 32.70 | 7.60 | 9.00 | . | . | . | . | ||
| Tauscher-Wisniewski 2005 (Tauscher-Wisniewski et al., 2005) | NC | 12.00 | . | ATYP | N (100) | NA | 14 | 22.60 | 3.7 | 21.43 | 37 | 25.80 | 6.20 | 40.50 |
| Tauscher-Wisniewski 2002 (Tauscher-Wisniewski et al., 2002) | NC | 260.00 | . | MIX | Y (47) | NA | 15 | 23.00 | 6.20 | 33.30 | 10 | 29.40 | 8.60 | 30.00 |
| Taylor 2005 (Taylor et al., 2005) | NC | 4.00 | . | MIX | N | N | 11 | 34.70 | 12.40 | . | 11 | 26.80 | 6.60 | . |
| van Haren 2008 (van Haren et al., 2008) | WBV, GMV, WMV*, LV | 260.00 | . | MIX | Y | Y | 96 | 32.22 | 11.10 | 27.00 | 113 | 35.28 | 12.30 | 32.70 |
| Whitworth 2005 (Whitworth et al., 2005) | LV | 132.10 | 41.60 | MIX | NA | NA | 21 FE | 25.00 | 4.80 | 0.00 | 20 | 31.50 | 4.90 | 0.00 |
| 171.10 | 63.40 | MIX | NA | NA | 17Ch | 28.40 | 4.00 | 0.00 | . | . | . | . | ||
Abbreviations: AN, antipsychotic naïve; ATYP, atypical antipsychotic; Clo, clozapine; Ch, chronic; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; F, female; FE, first episode; GMV, gray matter volume; Hal, haloperidol; LV, lateral ventricle; M, male; MIX, both typical and atypical antipsychotics; n, amount of individuals; N, no; NA, not announced; NC, caudate nucleus; Ola, olanzapine; Ris, risperidone; TYP, typical antipsychotic; WBV, whole brain; WMV, white matter volume; Y, yes;
*
volumetric data were presented without cerebellar volume.