Table 1.
Demographics and sample characteristics for the 121 subjects.
| Age (mean, SD, range) | 52.1 years (9.1, 24–65) |
| Gender (%, n) | 55% (66) females, 45% (55) males |
| Type of MS (%, n) | |
| Relapsing remitting | 65% (78) |
| Secondary progressive | 27% (33) |
| Primary progressive | 7% (9) |
| Progressive relapsing | 1% (1) |
| Disease duration (mean, SD, range) | 20.1 years (11.7, 1–47) |
| EDSS* (mean, SD, range) | 4.0 (1.92, 0–7.5) |
| BDI II* (mean, SD) | 9.8 (6.7) |
| Cognitive testing* (mean, SD) | |
| Stroop | 67.3 (7.5) |
| PASAT | 25.9 (9.1) |
| COWAT | 33.6 (10.3) |
| CVLT-II | −0.53 (1.19) |
BDI II: beck depression inventory II, PASAT: Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, COWAT: Controlled Oral Word Association Test, CVLT-II: California verbal learning test.
*Subjects were excluded from the study if they had severe disability (EDSS > 7.5) and significant depression (BDI II ≥ 28) or if they did not have significant cognitive impairment (greater than 1 s.d. less than mean on the Stroop, PASAT, COWAT, or CVLT-II).