Piped water access (any STH) |
Moderate, used help of observations to assess exposure and used adjusted estimates |
Yes, I
2 = 98.6% |
Nothing serious |
Yes, 95% CI includes null |
Likely, but unclear due to strong heterogeneity |
Nothing strong |
Not found |
Nothing strong |
Very low, due to heterogeneity and wide confidence interval |
Piped water access (A. lumbricoides) |
Moderate, observational studies but all use adjusted estimates |
I
2 = 0%, 95% CI (0%–85%) |
Nothing serious |
Nothing serious |
Likely, but direction suggests slightly more protective effect |
Nothing strong |
Not found |
Nothing strong |
Low |
Piped water access (T. trichiura) |
Moderate, observational studies but all use adjusted estimates |
I
2 = 0%, 95% CI (0%–90%) |
Nothing serious |
Nothing serious |
Undetected |
Nothing strong |
Not found |
Nothing strong |
Low |
Treated water use (any STH) |
Moderate, observational studies but all use adjusted estimates |
I
2 = 0%, 95% CI (0%–90%) |
Nothing serious |
Nothing serious |
Undetected |
Nothing strong |
Not found |
Nothing strong |
Low |
Wearing shoes (hookworm) |
Moderate, observational studies but all use adjusted estimates |
I
2 = 29.7%, 95% CI (0%–73%) |
Nothing serious |
Nothing serious |
Likely |
Strong effect evident (OR 0.29) |
Not found |
Yes, hygiene behaviors overreported |
Moderate, due to strong effect size |
Wearing shoes (any STH) |
Moderate, observational studies but all use adjusted estimates |
Yes, I
2 = 74% |
Nothing serious |
Nothing serious |
Likely, but unclear due to strong heterogeneity |
Strong effect evident (OR 0.30) |
Not found |
Yes, hygiene behaviors overreported |
Low, upgraded from effect size, downgraded from heterogeneity |
Soap use/availability (any STH) |
Moderate, observational studies but all use adjusted estimates |
I
2 = 20.8%, 95% CI (0%–92%) |
Nothing serious |
Nothing serious |
Undetected |
Nothing strong |
Not found |
Yes, hygiene behaviors overreported |
Low |
Handwashing before eating (A. lumbricoides) |
Moderate, observational studies but all use adjusted estimates |
I
2 = 0%, 95% CI (0%–90%) |
Nothing serious |
Nothing serious |
Undetected |
Nothing strong |
Not found |
Yes, hygiene behaviors overreported |
Low |
Handwashing after defecation (A. lumbricoides) |
Moderate, observational studies but all use adjusted estimates |
I
2 = 0%, 95% CI (0%–90%) |
Nothing serious |
Nothing serious |
Undetected |
Nothing strong |
Not found |
Yes, hygiene behaviors overreported |
Low |
Handwashing after defecation (any STH) |
Moderate, observational studies but all use adjusted estimates |
Yes - I
2 = 88% |
Nothing serious |
Yes, 95% CI includes null |
Undetected |
Nothing strong |
Not found |
Yes, hygiene behaviors overreported |
Very low, due to high heterogeneity |
Sanitation access (any STH) |
Moderate, observational studies but all use adjusted estimates |
I
2 = 0%, 95% CI (0%–68%) |
Nothing serious |
Nothing serious |
Undetected |
Nothing strong |
N/A |
Nothing strong |
Low |
Sanitation access (T. trichiura) |
Moderate, observational studies but all use adjusted estimates |
I
2 = 19%, 95% CI (0%–62%) |
Nothing serious |
Nothing serious |
Undetected |
Nothing strong |
N/A |
Nothing strong |
Low |
Sanitation access (A. lumbricoides) |
Moderate, observational studies but all use adjusted estimates |
I
2 = 28%, 95% CI (0%–70%) |
Nothing serious |
Nothing serious |
Undetected |
Nothing strong |
N/A |
Nothing strong |
Low |
Sanitation access (hookworm) |
Moderately Low, used help of observations to assess exposure and used adjusted estimates |
I
2 = 11%, 95% CI (0%–77%) |
Nothing serious |
Yes, 95% CI includes null |
Likely, but direction suggests slightly more protective effect |
Nothing strong |
N/A |
Nothing strong |
Very low, due to confidence interval including null |