Table 3. Significant findings at the 5% level from subgroup analyses of genetic associations with aggression.

Gene	Subgroupa	Model	N	ES (95% CI)	P-value	Evidenceb
Studies with categorical outcomes
COMT	Violence	Allelic	6	0.59 (0.38 to 0.92)	0.02	C
MAOA-M	Violence	Allelic	3	0.63 (0.42 to 1.24)	0.02	B
TPH1	Psychiatric patients	Allelic	4	1.31 (1.05 to 1.64)	0.01	B
Studies with continuous outcomes
5HTTLPR	Age >16 and <65	Dominant	22	−0.11 (−0.19 to −0.01)	0.02	C
5HTTLPR	Substance users	Dominant	4	−0.35 (−0.62 to −0.09)	0.01	C
COMT	Caucasian	Recessive	16	0.14 (0.02 to 0.27)	0.02	C
COMT	Substance users	Recessive	4	0.31 (0.02 to 0.61)	0.04	B
COMT	Anger	Recessive	5	0.13 (0.02 to 0.24)	0.02	B
COMT	Caucasian	Additive	16	−0.37 (−0.71 to −0.02)	0.04	C
COMT	Substance users	Additive	4	−0.66 (−1.26 to −0.05)	0.03	B
MAOA-F	Aggressiveness	Recessive	4	0.24 (0.01 to 0.47)	0.04	B

ES (effect size) refers to odds ratio (OR) for categorical and b or Cohen's d for continuous outcomes (with 95% confidence interval (CI)).

^aSubgroup analyses were performed by ethnicity, age of participants, sample characteristics and outcome measures.

^bAssessment of cumulative evidence according to the HuGENet criteria. Details of grading scheme are in Supplementary Table 2.