Fig. 2.

Bifenthrin-induced Ca²⁺ dysregulation in cortical neurons. (A) Representative traces showing how acute exposure to bifenthrin (0.01–1 µM) influences Ca²⁺ fluctuations in cortical neurons at 8 or 9 DIV as a function of time. Bifenthrin produces a robust increase in the frequency of Ca²⁺ oscillations accompanied by the slightly decreased Ca²⁺ oscillations amplitude. (B) Concentration-response relationships for bifenthrin-stimulated increase in the frequency of Ca²⁺ oscillation. The EC₅₀ value for bifenthrin-stimulated increase in the frequency of Ca²⁺ oscillation frequency is 57.7 nM. (C) Concentration-response relationships for bifenthrin-stimulated decrease in the amplitude of Ca²⁺ oscillation. The EC₅₀ value for bifenthrin-stimulated decrease in the amplitude of Ca²⁺ oscillation frequency is 83.4 nM. These data were averaged from a time period of between 30 and 40 minutes after the addition of bifenthrin. Each data point represents mean ± S.E.M. (n > 20 well) from five independent cultures. VEH/V, vehicle.