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Normal and incompetent mitral valve. Abnormal coaptation of the two leaflets results in regurgitation of blood to the left atrium during systole. Carpentier’s classification of mitral valve incompetence according the underlying mechanism. (Reprinted with permission from Carpentier A, Adams DH, Filsoufi F. Carpentier’s Reconstructive Valve Surgery. From Valve Analysis to Valve Reconstruction. 2010 Saunders Elsevier.).
