Table 2.
Mean intakes of selected nutrients from six, 24-hour Recalls and the GraFFS, and Bias in the GraFFS Compared to 24-hr Recalls (n = 74)
| 24-hr Recalls | GraFFS | Biasa | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nutrient | Meanb (95 Percent CI) | Baseline Meanb (95 Percent CI) | End of Study Meanb (95 Percent CI) | Meanc (SE), p-valued |
| Energy kcal | 1967 (1274, 3011) | 1959 (1086, 3533) | 1720 (846, 3498) | −182 (73.4), <0.02 |
| Fat – Total | ||||
| g | 70.1 (38.9, 126.5) | 67.4 (31.5, 144.0) | 58.6 (26.8, 127.7) | −10.3 (3.0), <0.001 |
| %enc | 32.7 (21.3, 44.1) | 31.7 (20.5, 42.9) | 31.2 (19.4, 43.0) | − 1.6 (0.6), <0.008 |
| Saturated | ||||
| g | 22.4 (11.0, 45.6) | 21.3 (9.0, 50.4) | 18.5 (7.8, 43.8) | −3.5 (1.0), <0.001 |
| %enc | 10.6 (5.1, 16.1) | 10.1 (5.4, 14.8) | 9.9 (5.2, 14.6) | −0.6 (0.3), <0.05 |
| Polyunsaturated | ||||
| g | 16.3 (8.3, 31.8) | 14.4 (6.5, 32.1) | 12.7 (5.4, 30.0) | −3.3 (0.8), <0.009 |
| %enc | 7.7 (4.0,11.4) | 6.9 (3.6, 10.2) | 6.8 (3.5, 10.1) | −0.9 (0.2), <0.001 |
| Monounsaturated | ||||
| g | 25.3 (13.5, 47.5) | 25.8 (11.4, 58.6) | 22.2 (10.2, 48.4) | −2.8 (1.1), <0.02 |
| %enc | 11.8 (7.1, 16.5) | 12.2 (6.5, 17.9) | 11.9 (5.8, 18.0) | 0.0 (0.3). <0.03 |
| EPA and DHA | ||||
| g | 0.13 (0, 0.48) | 0.17 (0, 0.54) | 0.19 (0, 0.82) | 0.1 (0.0), <0.93 |
| Carbohydrate | ||||
| g | 242.3 (142.6, 411.6) | 247.2 (131.6, 464.1) | 221.4 (101.5, 483.0) | −12.6 (9.7), <0.20 |
| %enc | 50.0 (36.1, 63.9) | 51.2 (35.9, 66.5) | 52.0 (37.3, 66.7) | 2.0 (0.7), <0.004 |
| Protein | ||||
| g | 83.9 (48.4, 145.5) | 80.6 (38.9, 167.3) | 70.8 (30.6, 164.0) | −10.0 (4.2). <0.02 |
| %enc | 17.4 (9.8, 25.0) | 16.9 (10.2, 23.6) | 16.7 (10.0, 23.4) | −0.7 (0.4), <0.09 |
| Alcohol | ||||
| g | 2.1 (0, 31.1) | 3.5 (0, 47.4) | 3.1 (0, 39.9) | 1.4 (0.7), <0.06 |
| %enc | 2.8 (0, 8.1) | 3.6 (0, 9.9) | 3.8 (0, 11.1) | 1.0 (0.3), <0.002 |
| Dietary fiber, g | 20.5 (9.8, 42.9) | 21.3 (10.0, 45.6) | 19.1 (7.9, 46.1) | −0.1 (0.8), <0.25 |
| Retinol, mcg RE | 1054 (428, 2592) | 1353 (459, 3984) | 1224 (358, 4188) | 309 (97), <0.002 |
| Beta-carotene, mcg, RE | 2724 (544, 13,630) | 4064 (728, 22,697) | 3429 (599, 19,930) | 1515 (486), <0.002 |
| Vitamin C, mg | 87.4 (27.9, 273.1) | 113.7 (36.2, 354.2) | 113.3 (35.5, 361.4) | 30.4 (9.2), <0.001 |
| Vitamin D, mcg | 408 (125, 1326) | 523 (114, 1901) | 459 (83, 2540) | 141 (42), <0.001 |
| Niacin, mg NE | 41.3 (24.3, 70.1) | 39.3 (18.4, 83.9) | 35.2 (15.2, 81.5) | −4.3 (2.1), <0.05 |
| Thiamin, mg | 17.6 (10.2, 30.6) | 18.0 (8.1, 40.0) | 16.4 (6.7, 40.4) | −0.3 (1.1), <0.81 |
| Riboflavin, mg | 21.8 (11.4, 41.7) | 24.0 (9.8, 59.1) | 22.0 (8.2, 58.6) | 1.5 (1.2), <0.22 |
| Vitamin B6, mg | 21.3 (11.1, 40.9) | 22.2 (9.4, 52.5) | 21.1 (8.2, 54.1) | 1.1 (1.4), <0.43 |
| Vitamin B12, mcg | 48.4 (17.1, 137.0) | 62.8 (22.9, 175.9) | 59.1 (15.6, 223.6) | 17.3 (5.5), <0.002 |
| Folate, mcg FE | 579 (296, 1130) | 590 (226, 1541) | 539 (194, 1495) | −0.5 (37.5), <0.87 |
| Calcium, mg | 907 (454, 1808) | 1153 (441, 3011) | 1012 (365, 2807) | 175 (47.8), <0.001 |
| Iron, mg | 16.1 (8.9, 29.1) | 17.5 (7.4, 41.3) | 15.0 (5.6, 40.0) | 0.1 (1.0), <0.94 |
| Zinc, mg | 11.1 (6.3, 19.7) | 14.0 (6.2, 31.8) | 12.6 (5.1, 30.9) | 2.3 (0.8), <0.005 |
| Genistein, mg | 590 (24.3, 14,328) | 665 (27.7, 15,994) | 837 (27.7, 25,336) | 1597 (667), <0.02 |
| Daidzein, mg | 488 (19.3, 12,333) | 545 (20.7, 14,328) | 699 (24.5, 19,930) | 1150 (521), <0.03 |
a
End of study GraFFS – 24-hour recall
b
Geometric mean, back-transformed for ease of interpretation, except where noted
c
Arithmetic mean
d
P-value for test that bias = 0.