Table 3.
Normalized error score of the subdomains of each exercise mean (SD) and 95% CI.
| Exercise | Joint | Subdomain (left/right) | Exercise error assessment | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P group | V group | Group difference (P − V) | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 95% CI | Mean (SD) | 95% CI | Mean (SD) | 95% CI | |||
| Bilateral raise | W | Palmar/dorsal flexion (L) | 0.48 (0.62) | (0.16 : 0.81) | 0.13 (0.52) | (−0.14 : 0.39) | 0.36 (0.57) | (−0.04 : 0.76) |
| W | Palmar/dorsal flexion (R) | 0.56 (0.48) | (0.33 : 0.80) | 0.10 (0.72) | (−0.26 : 0.46) | 0.47 (0.61)* | (0.05 : 0.88) | |
| W | Radial/ulnar deviation (L) | 0.13 (0.30) | (−0.04 : 0.29) | 0.18 (0.27) | (0.05 : 0.31) | −0.06 (0.29) | (−0.26 : 0.14) | |
| W | Radial/ulnar deviation (R) | 0.10 (0.26) | (−0.03 : 0.23) | 0.15 (0.23) | (0.04 : 0.27) | −0.06 (0.24) | (−0.22 : 0.11) | |
| E | Elbow flexion (L) | 0.08 (0.25) | (−0.06 : 0.21) | −0.08 (0.32) | (−0.24 : 0.08) | 0.16 (0.29) | (−0.04 : 0.37) | |
| E | Elbow flexion (R) | 0.01 (0.18) | (−0.08 : 0.10) | −0.10 (0.31) | (−0.25 : 0.06) | 0.11 (Satterthwaite) | (−0.06 : 0.29) | |
| S | Horizontal plane position (V) | 0.33 (0.35) | (0.14 : 0.51) | −0.24 (0.34) | (−0.40 : −0.07) | 0.56 (0.34)* | (0.32 : 0.80) | |
| S | Horizontal plane position (R) | 0.35 (0.33) | (0.18 : 0.51) | −0.24 (0.34) | (−0.40 : −0.07) | 0.58 (0.36)* | (0.36 : 0.81) | |
| S | Adduction/abduction (L) | 0.44 (0.38) | (0.23 : 0.64) | 0.53 (0.42) | (0.32 : 0.74) | −0.09 (0.40) | (−0.37 : 0.19) | |
| S | Adduction/abduction (R) | 0.46 (0.37) | (0.28 : 0.64) | 0.53 (0.42) | (0.32 : 0.74) | −0.07 (0.39) | (−0.34 : 0.20) | |
| S | Humeral rotation (L) | 0.19 (0.23) | (0.06 : 0.31) | 0.10 (0.26) | (−0.03 : 0.23) | 0.09 (0.25) | (−0.08 : 0.26) | |
| S | Humeral rotation (R) | 0.17 (0.23) | (0.05 : 0.28) | 0.10 (0.26) | (−0.03 : 0.23) | 0.07 (0.24) | (−0.09 : 0.23) | |
|
| ||||||||
| Bilateral shoulder retraction | W | Palmar/dorsal flexion (L) | −0.22 (0.65) | (−0.54 : 0.10) | −0.10 (0.71) | (−0.45 : 0.25) | −0.13 (0.68) | (−0.58 : 0.33) |
| W | Palmar/dorsal flexion (R) | −0.22 (0.69) | (−0.56 : 0.12) | −0.17 (0.60) | (−0.47 : 0.13) | −0.06 (0.64) | (−0.49 : 0.38) | |
| W | Radial/ulnar deviation (L) | −0.03 (0.08) | (−0.07 : 0.01) | −0.10 (0.33) | (−0.26 : 0.07) | 0.07 (Satterthwaite) | (−0.10 : 0.25) | |
| W | Radial/ulnar deviation (R) | −0.01 (0.06) | (−0.04 : 0.02) | −0.08 (0.27) | (−0.22 : 0.05) | 0.07 (Satterthwaite) | (−0.06 : 0.21) | |
| E | Elbow flexion (L) | 0.10 (0.23) | (−0.02 : 0.21) | 0.13 (0.27) | (−0.01 : 0.26) | −0.03 (0.25) | (−0.20 : 0.14) | |
| E | Elbow flexion (R) | 0.07 (0.21) | (−0.03 : 0.17) | 0.10 (0.31) | (−0.06 : 0.25) | −0.03 (0.26) | (−0.21 : 0.15) | |
| S | Horizontal plane position (L) | 0.36 (0.58) | (0.07 : 0.65) | 0.38 (0.51) | (0.12 : 0.63) | −0.01 (0.55) | (−0.39 : 0.36) | |
| S | Horizontal plane position (R) | 0.36 (0.58) | (0.07 : 0.65) | 0.38 (0.51) | (0.12 : 0.63) | −0.01 (0.55) | (−0.39 : 0.36) | |
| S | Adduction/abduction (L) | 0.22 (0.37) | (0.04 : 0.41) | −0.01 (0.13) | (−0.08 : 0.05) | 0.27 (Satterthwaite)* | (0.04 : 0.43) | |
| S | Adduction/abduction (R) | 0.22 (0.37) | (0.04 : 0.41) | −0.01 (0.13) | (−0.08 : 0.05) | 0.24 (Satterthwaite)* | (0.04 : 0.43) | |
| S | Humeral rotation (L) | 0.00 (0.09) | (−0.04 : 0.04) | −0.38 (0.60) | (−0.67 : −0.08) | 0.38 (Satterthwaite)* | (0.07 : 0.68) | |
| S | Humeral rotation (R) | 0.00 (0.09) | (−0.04 : 0.04) | −0.29 (0.54) | (−0.56 : −0.02) | 0.29 (Satterthwaite)* | (0.02 : 0.56) | |
|
| ||||||||
| Unilateral shoulder external rotation | W | Palmar/dorsal flexion (R) | −0.78 (0.56) | (−1.05 : −0.50) | −0.85 (0.60) | (−1.16 : −0.54) | 0.08 (0.58) | (−0.32 : 0.47) |
| W | Radial/ulnar deviation (R) | 0.01 (0.06) | (−0.02 : 0.04) | 0.09 (0.26) | (−0.05 : 0.22) | −0.07 (Satterthwaite) | (−0.21 : 0.06) | |
| E | Elbow rotation (R) | −0.01 (0.06) | (−0.04 : 0.02) | 0.00 (0.00) | (0.00 : 0.00) | −0.01 (Satterthwaite) | (−0.04 : 0.02) | |
| E | Elbow flexion (R) | 0.11 (0.27) | (−0.03 : 0.25) | 0.62 (0.38) | (0.42 : 0.81) | −0.51 (0.33)* | (−0.73 : −0.28) | |
| S | Shoulder flexion (R) | −0.06 (0.20) | (−0.16 : 0.05) | −0.04 (0.42) | (−0.26 : 0.17) | −0.01 (Satterthwaite) | (−0.24 : 0.22) | |
| S | Adduction/abduction (R) | 0.13 (0.29) | (−0.02 : 0.27) | −0.15 (0.42) | (−0.37 : 0.07) | 0.27 (0.36)* | (0.02 : 0.52) | |
|
| ||||||||
| Unilateral wrist extension | W | Palmar flexion at bottom pos. (R) | −0.31 (0.63) | (−0.62 : 0.01) | −0.06 (0.30) | (−0.21 : 0.10) | −0.25 (Satterthwaite) | (−0.59 : 0.09) |
| W | Dorsal flexion at top pos. (R) | 0.81 (0.35) | (0.63 : 0.98) | 0.82 (0.35) | (0.64 : 0.99) | −0.01 (0.35) | (−0.25 : 0.22) | |
| W | Radial/ulnar deviation (R) | −0.04 (0.13) | (−0.11 : 0.02) | −0.06 (0.14) | (−0.12 : 0.01) | 0.01 (0.13) | (−0.08 : 0.10) | |
*Indicates significant difference between the two groups in the subdomain of the exercise error assessment. Satterthwaite refers to unequal variances in the comparison of the subdomain.