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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Mar 26.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013 Sep;17(9):1125–1138. doi: 10.5588/ijtld.13.0117

Table 2.

Prevalence of undiagnosed culture-positive TB in facility- and community-level studies from high HIV prevalence settings

Pre/post
intervention		 Culture+
TB %		 HIV
prevalence % positive* 		Infectious TB in HIV− participants*
Author, year, reference Country Setting Population Culture method Participants
n 		Culture+
n 		Smear+
%		 Culture+
%
General population
 Den Boon, 200619 South Africa Urban General NA LJ 2608 26 1.0 ND ND ND
 Wood, 200720† South Africa Urban General Pre MGIT 762 12 1.6 22.8 16.7 25.0
 Middelkoop, 201012† South Africa Urban General Post MGIT 1259 8 0.6 25.0 NS 50.0
 Corbett, 200921‡ Zimbabwe Urban General Pre LJ 10092 66 0.7 21.1 51.3 46.00
 Corbett, 20107‡ Zimbabwe Urban General Post LJ 11018 46 0.4 18.7 39.1 35.1
 Ayles, 200922 Zimbabwe Urban + rural General NA MGIT 8044 79 1.0 28.8 59.10 45.6
 van’t Hoog, 201123 Kenya Rural General NA L J+MGIT 20710 123 0.6 16.8 NS NS
 Shapiro, 201224§ South Africa Urban General NA MGIT 983 4 0.4 20.6 100.0 100.0
Special populations
 Corbett, 200425 South Africa Mines Miners NA LJ 1773 45 2.6 26.1 77.8 62.2
 Corbett, 200726 Zimbabwe Urban Workplace Post LJ 4668 15 0.3 22.0 66.7 66.7
 Churchyard, 201210# South Africa Mines Miners Post MGIT 12606 285 2.3 ND ND ND
 Shapiro, 201224 South Africa Urban TB household NA MGIT 2166 169 7.8 21.0 NS NS
Facility-based
 O’Grady, 20129 Zambia Urban Medical admissions NA MGIT 881 201 22.8 65 NS 16.2
 Hoffman, 201327 South Africa 17 urban clinics Antenatal clinic HIV+ NA MGIT 1403 35 2.5 100 NA NA
HIV care clinics
 Shah, 200928 Ethiopia Urban Voluntary counselling and testing clinic NA LJ 427 27 6.3 100 NA NA
 Lawn, 200929 South Africa Urban ART clinic NA MGIT 235 58 25.7 100 NA NA
 Cain, 201030 South East Asia Urban HIV clinic NA LJ+MGIT 1724 267 15.5 100 NA NA
 Bassett, 201031 South Africa Urban HIV clinic NA MGIT 825 157 19.0 100 NA NA
*

HIV prevalence refers to % positive in those consenting to be tested. ND = HIV testing not done as part of prevalence survey.

†

Repeated prevalence surveys in the same South African township before and after scale-up of facility-based HIV testing and care services, including ART clinic and TB screening as part of infection control and HIV care.

‡

Before-and-after prevalence surveys in population provided with six rounds of periodic TB screening in the community.

§

Surveys for undiagnosed TB in household contacts and controls from the same South African community.

Prevalence surveys following 2 years of promoting HIV testing and provision of easy access to culture-based TB diagnosis and radiological diagnosis of patients with suspected smear-negative TB through workplace-based primary care clinics.

#

Survey for undiagnosed TB in goldminers following a randomised trial of community-wide isoniazid preventive therapy. Results include both arms.

TB = tuberculosis; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; + = positive; − = negative; NA = not applicable; L J = Löwenstein-Jensen; ND = not done; MGIT = Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tube; NS = not stated.