Table 1.

Autoimmune and inflammatory diseases with a role of HMGB1 in pathogenesis.

Rheumatoid arthritis

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Cutaneous SLE

Sjogren syndrome

Myositis

Scleroderma

Ankylosing spondylitis

Behcet disease

Crystal-induced arthritis

Conditions in which HMGB1 may show elevation in blood and synovial fluid or increased tissue expression at the site of disease, especially in the cytoplasm or extracellular location. In some instances, administration of HMGB1 has replicated tissue pathology or functional disturbance in an in vivo or in vitro model.