Fig. 3.

Summary of the effects of stress and sex hormones on dopaminergic signaling in the PFC and striatum. For comparison purposes, dopamine abnormalities found in schizophrenia are also presented. References and details of summarized studies are described in the text and Table 1. Black arrows within shaded boxes indicate findings in adolescents, thick white arrows indicate findings made in young adults or adults that have yet to be demonstrated in adolescents, and thick purple arrows indicate findings in schizophrenia. Number sign, stress effects seen in disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) mutant mice but not wild-type mice in the same chronic isolation stress paradigm. For immunohistochemistry images, white arrowheads indicate cells immunoreactive for both steroid receptors and TH, arrows indicate cells immunoreactive for TH only, and stars indicate cells immunoreactive for steroid receptors only. Scale bars represent 40 μm. Images provided by Owens and Purves-Tyson (unpublished). Abbreviations: PFC prefrontal cortex, NAc nucleus accumbens, SN substantia nigra, VTA ventral tegmental area, AS acute stress, CS chronic stress, H human, P primate, R rodent, AD adolescent, YA young adult, A adult, DR dopamine receptor, DAT dopamine transporter, MAOA monoamine oxidase A, TH tyrosine hydroxylase, WM working memory