Table 1. Results of the in vitro and finite element studies regarding primary displacement.
| Studies | Bone | Insertion region | n | Implant size/(mm×mm) | Force/N | Primary displacement/mm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In vitro | ||||||
| Holst et al. 2010 | Human | Alveolar ridge; maxilla | 39 | n/a | 2.5 | 0.02–0.25 |
| Morarend et al. 2009 | Human | Alveolar ridge; maxilla+mandible | 96 | 2.5×17; 1.5×15 | 10 | <0.3 |
| Brettin et al. 2008 | Human | Alveolar ridge; maxilla+mandible | 44 | 1.5×15 | 20 | <0.5 |
| Pittman et al. 2013 | Human | Basal part; mandible | 26 | 1.5×6 | 0–2 | <0.025 |
| Su et al. 2009 | Ilia of country pigs | 54 | 1.6×8 | 2 | 0.024 4 | |
| Chatzigianni et al. 2011 | Bovine rib | n/a | 1.5×7; 1.5×9; 2×7 | 0.5 | ≤0.006 4 | |
| Hong et al. 2010 | Biosynthetic bone | 20 | 1.5×6 | >2 | 0.01 | |
| Hong et al. 2011 | Biosynthetic bone | 100 | 1.3×5.5; 1.9×6.1 | >2 | 0.02 | |
| Akyalcin et al. 2013 | Biosynthetic bone | 120 | 1.4×8; 1.5×8 | 1.1–98.5 | 0.025–1.0 | |
| Finite element | ||||||
| Jang et al. 2011 | 1.6×7 | 2 | 0.000 87–0.001 00 | |||
| Motoyoshi et al. 2005 | 1.4×4 | 2 | 0.000 173–0.000 185 | |||
| Chang et al. 2012 | 2×9.82 | 3 | 0.219–0.315 | |||
| Singh et al. 2012 | 2.48× 6.86 | 0.35 | ≤0.000 916 | |||
| Liu et al. 2012 | (1.2–2.0)×(7–15) | 2–6 | 0.001–0.003 | |||
| Lee et al. 2013 | n/a | 8 | 0.001 275–0.001 582 |
n/a, data was not available.