Table 3. Results of the clinical trials regarding secondary displacement.
| Studies | Clinical studies |
In vivo animal studies |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liou et al., 2004 | El-Beialy et al., 2009 | Liu et al., 2011 | Alves et al., 2011 | Wang et al., 2006 | Hedayati et al., 2007 | Calderon et al., 2011 | Lifshits et al., 2010 | Kinzinger et al., 2008 | Mortensen et al., 2009 | Ohmae et al., 2001 | |
| Patients or animal | Age: 22–29 Gender: 16F | n/a | Age: 19–27 | Age: 29–31 Gender: 10F; 5M | Age: 18–48 Gender: 32F | Mean age: 17.4 | Gender: 7F; 6M | n/a | Mean age: 12.2 Gender: 2F; 6M | Male beagle dogs: 10–15 month | Male beagle dogs: 19–26 month |
| Patients number | 16 | 12 | 60 | 15 | 32 | 9 | 13 | 6 | 8 | 5 | 3 |
| Mini-implants /(mm×mm) | 2×17 | 1.2×8 | 1.6×11 | 1.4×8; 2×6 | 2×17; 2×(10–14) | 2×11; 2×9 | 6; 8–10 | 1.6×6 | 1.6×(8–9) | 1.3×6; 1.3×3 | 1×4 |
| Mini-implants number | 32 | 40 | 120 | 41 | 64 | 27 | 24 | 12 | 16 | 40 | 18 |
| Insertion site | Zygomatic buttress | Buccal alveolar ridge; maxilla/ mandible | Buccal alveolar ridge; maxilla | Palatal/ buccal alveolar ridge; midpalatal | Infrazygo-matic crest | Midpalatal; buccal alveolar ridge; mandible | Buccal alveolar ridge; maxilla/mandible | Buccal alveolar ridge; maxilla | Anterior palate; paramedian | Alveolar ridge: buccal mandible; palatal maxilla | Alveolar ridge; mandible; palatal/buccal |
| Predrilling | 1.5 mm diam. | Yes, n/a | n/a | Cortical bone perforation | 1.5 mm diam. for 2 mm×17 mm | 2 mm diam.; cortical bone | n/a | n/a | No | No | 1.5 mm diam. in cortical bone; 0.9 mm diam. in spongiosa |
| Healing period/d | 14 | 14 | n/a | 1 | 14 | 7-11 | 28 | No | 7 | Direct | 42 |
| Force | (1.5+2.5) N; NiTi spring | 1.5–2.5 N; NiTi spring | 1.5 N; elastics | 2 N | NiTi, ‘heavy force' | 1.8 N; NiTi spring | ≤1.5 N; NiTi spring | 2 N | 2.0–2.4 N; NiTi spring | (6+9) N | 1.5 N; NiTi spring |
| Anchorage mode | Direct | Direct | Direct | Direct | Direct | Direct | Direct | Direct | Indirect | Direct | Direct |
| Indication | Retraction upper front | Upper/lower canine retraction | Retraction upper front | Upper molar intrusion | Retraction upper front | Upper/ lower canine retraction | n/a | Retraction upper front | Molar distalization | – | Premolar intrusion |
| Loading period/month | 8.5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6.4 | 6 | 6 | 6.4 | 1.5 | 0.75 |
| Implant loss | 0 | 7 | n/a | 6 | 0 | 5 | 4 | 1 | n/a | 10 | n/a |
| Secondary displacement, horizontal; mean/mm | Head: 0.4±0.5 (s); Body: 0.1±0.3; Tail: -0.1±0.5 | Head: 1.08; Tail: 0.828 | Head: 0.23±0.08; Tail: 0.23±0.07 | Head: 0.29–0.78; Tail: 0.27–0.6 | Head: 0.7–0.8; Body: 0.4–0.5; Tail: 0.2–0.3 | Overall: 0–0.25 | 65%≤1° tipping; 35%≥2° | Overall: 2.7±2.1 | Head: 0.95±0.82; Tipping: (2.65±6.23)° | 1.8–2.2 | No movement |
| Secondary displacement, horizontal; max/mm | Head: 1.0; Body: 1.0; Tail: -1.0–1.0 | Head: 4.1; Tail: 1.8 | n/a | Head: 1.72; Tail: 1.92 | Head: 2.0; Body: 1.5; Tail: -1.0–1.5 | n/a | n/a | 5.5 | n/a | 3.4–4.4 | – |
| Secondary displacement, vertical/mm | Extrusion: 0.1–0.2 | Extrusion: 0.548 | n/a | n/a | Extrusion: 0.5–0.8 | Intrusion/ extrusion: -0.5–0.25 | – | Extrusion: 0.2±2.7 | Extrusion: 0.21±0.28 | n/a | – |
F, female; M, male; diam., diameter; n/a, data was not available.