Table 3. Bivariate analysis comparing travel, payment, and quality of care among bypassers and non-bypassers, United Republic of Tanzania, 2012.
| Characteristica | Bypassersb | Non-bypassersc | cOR (95% CI) | P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Travel to facility | |||||||
| Walked to facility | 47 | (5.9) | 330 | (30.1) | 1.00 | ||
| Travelled by bicycle to facility | 4 | (0.5) | 70 | (6.4) | 0.40 (0.14–1.15) | 0.089 | |
| Travelled by motorcycle to facility | 228 | (28.8) | 579 | (52.7) | 2.76 (1.96–3.89) | < 0.001 | |
| Travelled by car or bus to facility | 515 | (64.9) | 119 | (10.8) | 30.38 (21.10–43.77) | < 0.001 | |
| Distance travelled (km), mean (SD) | 36.8 | (53.3) | 10.6 | (16.9) | 1.04 (1.03–1.05) | < 0.001 | |
| Payment for delivery | |||||||
| Provider fees (US$), mean (SD) | 2.2 | (10.7) | 2.4 | (14.2) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.731 | |
| Drugs, supplies, tests (US$), mean (SD) | 5.0 | (6.6) | 3.6 | (4.0) | 1.06 (1.04–1.08) | < 0.001 | |
| Transportation (US$), mean (SD) | 6.0 | (8.1) | 2.0 | (4.5) | 1.20 (1.16–1.23) | < 0.001 | |
| Total costs (US$), mean (SD)d | 17.5 | (28.4) | 8.8 | (15.9) | 1.07 (1.00–1.08) | < 0.001 | |
| Borrowed or sold asset to pay for health care | 122 | (15.5) | 129 | (11.9) | 1.36 (1.04–1.78) | 0.023 | |
| Services received during and after delivery | |||||||
| Uterotonic | 603 | (76.1) | 856 | (78.3) | 0.88 (0.71–1.10) | 0.264 | |
| IV antibiotic or other drug | 177 | (22.3) | 236 | (21.6) | 1.05 (0.84–1.30) | 0.695 | |
| Blood transfusion | 21 | (2.7) | 15 | (1.4) | 1.96 (1.00–3.82) | 0.049 | |
| Baby examined before discharge | 584 | (74.8) | 748 | (60.0) | 1.33 (1.08–1.64) | 0.007 | |
| Mother examined before discharge | 345 | (43.5) | 357 | (32.7) | 1.59 (1.31–1.92) | < 0.001 | |
| Very good/excellent rating of elements of delivery care | |||||||
| Respectful communication from health worker | 381 | (48.0) | 443 | (40.4) | 1.36 (1.13–1.64) | 0.001 | |
| Cleanliness of the delivery room | 285 | (36.0) | 311 | (28.5) | 1.41 (1.16–1.72) | 0.001 | |
| Privacy of the delivery room | 317 | (40.2) | 426 | (38.9) | 1.05 (0.87–1.27) | 0.577 | |
| Clarity of communication from health worker | 310 | (39.1) | 370 | (33.8) | 1.26 (1.04–1.52) | 0.017 | |
| Knowledge of the health worker | 352 | (44.6) | 404 | (36.9) | 1.37 (1.14–1.65) | 0.001 | |
| Availability of drugs and modern equipment | 276 | (35.3) | 248 | (22.9) | 1.84 (1.50–2.25) | < 0.001 | |
| Overall quality of care | 468 | (58.9) | 511 | (46.7) | 1.64 (1.36–1.97) | < 0.001 | |
| Very satisfied with the delivery experience | 513 | (64.6) | 543 | (49.5) | 1.86 (1.54–2.24) | < 0.001 | |
CI, confidence interval; cOR, crude odds ratio; IV, intravenous; SD, standard deviation; US$, United States dollar.
a For all characteristics, data denote the ratio of the odds of the characteristic being reported by a bypasser (n = 794) to the odds of the characteristic being reported by a non-bypasser (n = 1104).
b Defined as women who delivered their youngest child at a health centre or hospital (secondary or tertiary level facility) and were not referred there by a health-care provider.
c Defined as women who delivered their most recent child at a primary care clinic.
d Includes costs of transportation, provider fees, drugs, supplies, tests and tips. For context, the Tanzanian per capita gross domestic product was US$ 474 in 2012.
Note: Data are for 1898 women. For some rows, denominators differ from 1898, owing to missing data.