Figure 1.
Multivariable-adjusted associations of trans-fatty acid intake and mean standard deviation of the N-N intervals (SDNN), as assessed nonparametically by means of restricted cubic splines. As expected due to differences between 24-hour vs. short-term (5-min) HRV, SDNN mean values were higher in CHS than in Porto.
Values in CHS are adjusted for age (years), gender (male/female), race (white/nonwhite), education (<high school, high school, >high school), income (≤/>$25,000), clinical sites (four categories), smoking (never/former/current), BMI (kg/m2), diabetes mellitus (yes/no), coronary heart disease (yes/no), hypertension (three categories), β-blocker use (yes/no), other anti-hypertensive medication (yes/no), leisure-time physical activity (kcal/week), alcohol use (drinks/week), and consumption of total energy (kcal/d), trans-16:1 fatty acids (mg/day), EPA and DHA (quintiles), fruits (quintiles), and vegetables (quintiles). Values in Porto are adjusted for age (years), gender, current smoking (yes/no) moderate to vigorous physical activity (min/day), alcohol use (yes/no), BMI (kg/m2), and consumption of total n-3 PUFA (mg/day), dietary fiber (g/day) and total energy (kcal/d).