Table 1.
Selected studies suggestive of character displacement in plants. Numbered columns mark whether studies were designed to address the criteria for testing the pattern of character displacement. Studies that experimentally test the process of character displacement often, as a by-product of the experiment, satisfy some or all of the criteria for explaining the existing pattern, but only studies designed to address the specific criteria are marked.
| System | Studies | Trait(s) studied | Ecological (E) or Reproductive (R) | (1) Pattern is not formed by chance | (2) Trait differences are genetically based | (3) Trait differences result from in situ evolution | (4) Shift in trait is associated with shift in resource aquisition | (5) Similar phenotypes compete more strongly | (6) Sympatric and allopatric sites have same resources | Experimental test of CD process | Correlational evidence only |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dalechampia species | Armbruster (1985, 1986) | Resin gland area, gland-stigma distance, anther–stigma distance | R | X | X | X | X | ||||
| Ipomopsis aggregata and Castilleja linariaefolia | Caruso (2000) | Corolla length | R | X | |||||||
| Pachycereus pringlei and other cacti species | Cody (1984) | Growth form | E | X | |||||||
| Arenaria uniflora and Arenaria glabra | Fishman and Wyatt (1999) | Mating system (selfing vs. outcrossing) | R | X | X | ||||||
| Phlox drummondii and Phlox cuspidata | Levin (1985); Hopkins and Rausher (2011); Hopkins et al. (2012) | Corolla color | R | X | X | X | X | ||||
| Burmeistera species | Muchhala and Potts (2007); Muchhala (2008) | Exsertion length of anthers and stigma | R | X | X | X | X | X | |||
| Ipomea hederacea and Ipomea purpurea | Smith and Rausher (2008) | Clustering of anthers around stigma | R | X | |||||||
| Pinus species | Veech et al. (2000) | Seed mass | E | X | |||||||
| Solanum section Androceras | Whalen (1978) | Floral size and phenology | R | X |