Table 1. Student hand cleaning rates (% of toileting events) and duration captured by in-person structured observation versus video observation.
| Video surveillance | In-person observation | ||
| All hand cleaning (with or without product) [%, N] | RR (95% CI)φ | ||
| All schools | 64%, N = 2760 | 56%, N = 5510 | 1.04 (0.98–1.12) |
| Sanitizer schools | 82%, N = 1474 | 84%, N = 2130 | 0.99 (0.92–1.06) |
| Soap schools | 44%, N = 1286 | 38%, N = 3380 | 1.16 (1.05–1.28)* |
| Cleaned hands with soap or sanitizer [%, N] | RR (95% CI)φ | ||
| All schools | 63%, N = 2760 | 55%, N = 5510 | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) |
| Sanitizer schools | 82%, N = 1474 | 84%, N = 2130 | 0.99 (0.92–1.06) |
| Soap schools | 42%, N = 1286 | 37%, N = 3380 | 1.14 (1.03–1.26)* |
| Mean duration of hand cleaning in seconds [mean (SD), N] | p-value (t-test) | ||
| All schools | 49 (44), N = 515 | 30 (24), N = 2622 | P<0.001 |
| Sanitizer schools | 34 (26), N = 310 | 21 (9), N = 1676 | P<0.001 |
| Soap schools | 71 (55), N = 205 | 47 (33), N = 946 | P<0.001 |
*p<0.05.
φ
Rate-ratios (RR) and p-values reported for Poisson regression analysis of rate differences between video and in-person data, while controlling for the individual school at which the data were collected.