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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Mar 26.
Published in final edited form as: Chem Rev. 2014 Jan 8;114(6):3224–3265. doi: 10.1021/cr400496q

Figure 6. Chemical (A) and enzymatic (B) methods for direct fluorophore labeling RNA.

Figure 6

(A) Direct labeling of RNA by chemical methods. Red circles are dye molecules. (B) Direct labeling of RNA by enzymatic methods. X represents appropriately modified NTPs that are either directly conjugated to fluorophores or contain functional groups for subsequent chemical conjugation of dyes. RNA pol, RNA polymerase; polyA pol, polyA polymerase; Capping Enz, 5‘ end capping enzyme; Klenow, Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I from E. coli; Ligase, typically one of the two T4 RNA ligases.24