Table 1.
Distribution and composition of the microbiota along the intestinal tract
| Gastrointestinal Tract | Normal | CKD/ESRD |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Phyla, Families, and Genera of Dominant Bacterial Species | Microbial Number (cells/g) | Alterations from Normal Microbiota | |
| Stomach | Lactobacillus | 101 | |
| Helicobacter | |||
| Duodenum | Staphylococcus | 103 | Human studies: increased counts10 (106–107) |
| Streptococcus | |||
| Lactococcus | |||
| Jejunum | Enterococcus | 104 | Human studies: increased counts10 (106–107) |
| Streptococcus | |||
| Lactobacillus | |||
| Ileum | Enterobacteriaceae | 107 | |
| Bacteroides | |||
| Clostridium | |||
| Segmented filamentous bacteria | |||
| Colon | Firmicutes | 1012 | Experimental animal studies: increased Proteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae, increased Escherichia, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Proteus, and Proteus spp,82 and decreased Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp.82 Decreased Lactobacillaceae and Prevotellaceae11 Human studies: overgrowth of aerobic bacteria (about 100 times)9 Decreased Bifidobacteria and higher Clostridium perfringens9 Lower species richness11 |
| Bacteroidetes | |||
| Actinobacteria | |||
| Proteobacteria | |||
| Clostridium | |||
| Lactobacillaceae | |||
| Prevotellaceae | |||
| Fusobacteria | |||
| TM7 | |||