Table 2.
Cognitive and emotional performance of neurological groups and healthy controls.
| Task | LH Group |
RH Group |
HC Group |
HC vs. BI | LH vs. RH | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||||
| Overall cognition | Minimental state examination | 25.67 | 2.88 | 27.83 | 1.60 | 29.17 | 1.34 | p = 0.001*** | p = 0.066 |
| Sustained attention (TEA) | 7.67 | 1.52 | 7.83 | 1.83 | 11.00 | 1.78 | p < 0.001*** | p = 0.478 | |
| Divided attention (TEA) | 9.00 | 3.60 | 11.16 | 5.11 | 11.22 | 1.73 | p = 0.083 | p = 0.488 | |
| Comprehensive language (token test) | 26.00 | 9.53 | 31.17 | 1.17 | 31.33 | 0.78 | p = 0.039* | p = 0.098 | |
| Memory (WMS-R) coding | 6.67 | 2.50 | 13.00 | 3.84 | 14.58 | 2.97 | p = 0.033* | p = 0.131 | |
| Memory (WMS-R) free recall | 8.67 | 3.05 | 14.00 | 4.33 | 16.83 | 3.51 | p = 0.14* | p = 0.171 | |
| Memory (WMS-R) recognition | 13.67 | 0.57 | 13.33 | 1.36 | 13.75 | 1.60 | p = 0.19 | p = 0.573 | |
| Executive functions (FAB total) | 13.33 | 4.04 | 15.50 | 0.23 | 17.08 | 0.99 | p = 0.022* | p = 0.367 | |
| Cognitive control | Working memory (digits, WAIS) | 10.00 | 4.58 | 9.17 | 2.56 | 10.67 | 2.31 | p = 0.022* | p = 0.664 |
| Inhibition, sensitivity to interference | 2.83 | 0.41 | 2.63 | 0.51 | 2.91 | 0.30 | p = 0.067 | p = 0.841 | |
| Inhibition, inhibitory control | 2.00 | 1.92 | 2.50 | 0.92 | 2.58 | 0.79 | p = 0.205 | p = 0.383 | |
| Inhibition, environmental autonomy | 3.00 | 0.00 | 2.83 | 0.40 | 3.00 | 0.00 | p = 0.433 | p = 0.461 | |
| Verbal fluency (DKEF-S) letter | 7.67 | 5.13 | 7.50 | 2.43 | 10.71 | 3.27 | p = 0.006** | p = 0.910 | |
| Verbal fluency (DKEF-S) category | 4.33 | 0.57 | 8.00 | 2.09 | 10.73 | 2.19 | p < 0.001*** | p = 0.003** | |
| Abstraction (similarities, WAIS) | 6.67 | 2.08 | 10.00 | 3.69 | 11.64 | 3.50 | p = 0.013*** | p = 0.423 | |
| Emotional functioning | Emotional symptoms (HADS) anxiety | 3.33 | 0.57 | 6.17 | 4.04 | 4.27 | 3.52 | p = 0.14 | p = 0.431 |
| Emotional symptoms (HADS) depression | 4.00 | 6.92 | 6.00 | 5.40 | 2.55 | 1.86 | p = 0.039* | p = 0.305 | |
| Emotion regulation (ERQ) reappraisal | 23.67 | 14.50 | 33.00 | 4.19 | 32.00 | 5.07 | p = 0.16 | p = 0.091 | |
Individuals with brain injury (BI) present significant differences on most of the cognitive measures when compared to healthy control (HC). The left hemisphere group (LH) only differs from the right hemisphere group (RH) on categorical verbal fluency. The two columns of the right present the level of significance of these differences. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.