Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants
| Total Sample (n = 231) | Men (n = 153) | Women (n = 78) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic factors | |||
| Age | 68.7 ± 9.4 | 69.3 ± 9.4 | 67.5 ± 9.3 |
| Female gender | 78 (33.8) | — | — |
| Nonwhite race/ethnicity | 121 (23.8) | 23 (15.0) | 32 (41.0)* |
| Education Level | |||
| 8th Grade or Less | 2 (.9) | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) |
| 9th–11th Grade | 17 (7.4) | 6 (3.9) | 11 (14.1)* |
| High school | 64 (27.7) | 40 (26.1) | 24 (30.8) |
| Technical or trade school | 25 (10.8) | 15 (9.8) | 10 (12.8) |
| Some college | 66 (28.6) | 39 (25.5) | 27 (34.6) |
| Bachelor’s degree | 32 (13.9) | 27 (17.6) | 5 (6.4)* |
| Master’s degree | 25 (10.8) | 24 (15.7) | 1 (1.3)* |
| SES z-score | 0.32 ± 4.4 | .91 ± 4.4 | −.81 ± 4.1* |
| Medical and psychologic factors | |||
| Charlson comorbidity scorea | 3.32 ± 1.9 | 3.4 ± 1.9 | 3.1 ± 1.4 |
| NYHA functional class | |||
| I | 28 (12.1) | 23 (15.0) | 5 (6.4) |
| II | 53 (22.9) | 36 (23.5) | 17 (21.8) |
| III | 140 (60.6) | 87 (56.9) | 53 (67.9) |
| IV | 10 (4.3) | 7 (4.6) | 3 (3.8) |
| Patient Health Questionnaire–9 | 4.6 ± 5.1 | 4.1 ± 4.9 | 5.7 ± 5.4* |
| BMI categoryb | |||
| Normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 56 (24.2) | 35 (22.9) | 21 (26.9) |
| Overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2) | 66 (28.6) | 47 (30.7) | 19 (24.4) |
| Obese class I (BMI 30–34.9 kg/m2) | 61 (26.4) | 44 (28.8) | 17 (21.8) |
| Obese class II (BMI 35–39.9 kg/m2) | 30 (13.0) | 17 (11.1) | 13 (16.7) |
| Obese class III (BMI ≥40.0 kg/m2) | 18 (7.8) | 10 (6.5) | 8 (10.3) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.3 ± 6.7 | 30.2 ± 6.4 | 30.6 ± 7.0 |
| Cognitive factors | |||
| Global cognitive function | 92.3 ± 6.4 | 92.1 ± 6.5 | 92.6 ± 6.4 |
| Estimated IQ from NAART | 110.9 ± 10.5 | 111.8 ± 10.0 | 109.3 ± 11.2 |
| Attention Composite Score | 8.5 ± 2.3 | 8.5 ± 2.2 | 8.6 ± 2.4 |
| Trails A scaled score | 8.0 ± 3.1 | 8.0 ± 3.0 | 7.9 ± 3.2 |
| Stroop Color scaled score | 8.1 ± 2.9 | 8.5 ± 2.8 | 9.0 ± 2.9 |
| Stroop Word scaled score | 8.7 ± 2.8 | 8.0 ± 2.8 | 8.3 ± 3.0 |
| Letter-Number Sequencing scaled score | 9.5 ± 3.1 | 9.6 ± 3.0 | 9.2 ± 3.1 |
| Executive function composite score | 8.4 ± 3.0 | 8.5 ± 2.9 | 8.1 ± 3.1 |
| Trails B scaled score | 7.9 ± 3.6 | 8.0 ± 3.5 | 7.7 ± 3.8 |
| Stroop Color-Word scaled score | 8.8 ± 3.1 | 9.0 ± 3.0 | 8.6 ± 3.3 |
| Memory composite score | 8.4 ± 2.0 | 8.3 ± 2.1 | 8.5 ± 2.0 |
| RAVLT Long Delay scaled score | 9.4 ± 2.7 | 8.9 ± 2.6 | 10.3 ± 2.8* |
| Complex Figure Long Delay scaled score | 7.4 ± 2.5 | 7.8 ± 2.5 | 6.7 ± 2.2* |
Continuous variables represented as mean ± SD, categoric variables as n (%). SES, socioeconomic status; NYHA, New York Heart Association; BMI, body mass index; NAART, North American Adult Reading Test; RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test.
a
Percentage of participants who reported having diabetes (45%), myocardial infarction (52%), peripheral vascular disease (13%).
b
Underweight participants (n = 4) were excluded from analyses.
*
P < .05 for independent t test or chi-square test comparing men and women.