Table 2.
Association Between Baseline Potentially Inappropriate Medication (PIM) Use and Cognitive Performance (Mean Cognitive Test Scores, by PIM Use)
| Unadjusted mean (SE) | Adjusted mean (SE)* | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | PIM users | Nonusers | Difference | p | PIM users | Nonusers | Difference | p |
| CVLT-II immediate recall (0–36) | 22.81 (0.28) | 23.62 (0.17) | −0.81 (0.33) | .02 | 22.97 (0.27) | 23.69 (0.17) | −0.72 (0.32) | .02 |
| CVLT-II delayed recall (0–9) | 4.84 (0.14) | 5.22 (0.09) | −0.38 (0.16) | .02 | 4.92 (0.14) | 5.25 (0.08) | −0.33 (0.16) | .04 |
| Category fluency | 10.07 (0.18) | 10.69 (0.11) | −0.63 (0.21) | .004 | 10.19 (0.19) | 10.72 (0.11) | −0.53 (0.22) | .01 |
| Verbal fluency | 10.54 (0.21) | 10.59 (0.13) | −0.05 (0.25) | .85 | 10.66 (0.21) | 10.61 (0.13) | 0.05 (0.25) | .84 |
| Trails B | 205.4 (8.7) | 181.4 (5.2) | 24.0 (10.2) | .02 | 188.2 (7.5) | 179.7 (4.5) | 8.5 (8.8) | .33 |
| 3MS (transformed)† | 3.44 (0.07) | 3.27 (0.04) | 0.17 (0.08) | .03 | 3.33 (0.06) | 3.22 (0.04) | 0.11 (0.07) | .13 |
| Backward digit span (0–14) | 5.51 (0.11) | 5.47 (0.06) | 0.04 (0.12) | .72 | 5.57 (0.10) | 5.51 (0.06) | 0.06 (0.12) | .65 |
Notes:*adjusted for age, race, education, smoking, physical activity, modified Charlson Comorbidity Index, and baseline Mini Mental State Examination score.
†3MS score was transformed by taking the square root of the number of errors.