Table 3.
Hazard Ratio of Mortality for Bereaved Versus Nonbereaved by Socioeconomic Status (SES) and Health, Married Health and Retirement Study Sample, 1992–2008
| Model 1 | Model 2: Model 1 + gender and race | Model 3: Model 2 + SES | Model 4: Model 3 + health | Model 5: Model 4 + gender-widowhood interaction | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marital status (married) | |||||
| Widowed | 1.26*** | 1.48*** | 1.32*** | 1.34*** | 1.29** |
| Gender (male) | |||||
| Female | 0.57*** | 0.57*** | 0.57*** | 0.57*** | |
| Race/ethnicity (White) | |||||
| Black | 1.40*** | 1.02 | 0.98 | 0.98 | |
| Hispanic | 0.99 | 0.70*** | 0.66*** | 0.66*** | |
| Other/missing | 1.18 | 1.02 | 0.96 | 0.95 | |
| SES | |||||
| Education (<high school) | |||||
| High school | 0.87** | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Some college | 0.85* | 1.06 | 1.07 | ||
| College degree | 0.62*** | 0.81** | 0.81** | ||
| Wealth (lowest quartile) | |||||
| Low | 0.75*** | 0.84** | 0.85** | ||
| High | 0.60*** | 0.71*** | 0.72*** | ||
| Highest 25% | 0.45*** | 0.56*** | 0.56*** | ||
| Self-rated health (good, very good, or excellent) | |||||
| Fair or poor | 2.67*** | 2.68*** | |||
| Women × Widowed | 1.07 | ||||
| Log pseudolikelihood | −20,016 | −19,916 | −19,778 | −19,548 | −19,541 |
| Wald χ2 | 12.78 | 207.84 | 484.81 | 981.25 | 988.62 |
| Generalized R 2 | 0.00 | 0.013 | 0.030 | 0.060 | 0.060 |
Notes. Reference category in parentheses. Hazard ratios refer to relative mortality risk per year of exposure. Models adjust standard errors for 15,935 household clusters.
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.