Table 5.

Hazard Ratios of Widow Mortality by Gender and Whether Spouse’s Death Was Expected, Health and Retirement Study Sample, 1992–2008

	Male widowers	Female widows
Race/ethnicity (white)
Black	0.69*	0.92
Hispanic	2.35*	1.79*
Other/missing	1.24	0.98
Education (<high school)
High school	0.86**	0.76**
Some college	0.46***	0.62***
College degree	0.66***	0.55***
Spouse’s death (expected)
Unexpected	1.54*	0.80

Notes. Reference category in parenthesis. Separate models were run for male and female respondents.

*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.