Table 1.
Sample Characteristics by Geographic Location
| Location | Urban, N = 3,458 | Rural, N = 3,155 | Total, N = 6,613 |
|---|---|---|---|
| % | % | % | |
| Agea | |||
| 50–54 | 19.8 | 20.6 | 20.2 |
| 55–59 | 20.3 | 20.7 | 20.5 |
| 60–64 | 17.3 | 17.6 | 17.4 |
| 65–69 | 15.4 | 14.7 | 15.1 |
| 70–74 | 12.2 | 11.2 | 11.7 |
| 75–79 | 8.2 | 8.7 | 8.4 |
| 80–84 | 4.7 | 4.2 | 4.4 |
| 85–89 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 |
| 90+ | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
| Gendera | |||
| Male | 45.7 | 46.0 | 45.8 |
| Female | 54.3 | 54.0 | 54.2 |
| Educationa | |||
| Some primary education | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 |
| Primary or equivalent | 21.7 | 27.4 | 24.4 |
| Intermediate | 21.7 | 25.8 | 23.7 |
| Leaving certificate or equivalent | 18.5 | 16.4 | 17.5 |
| Diploma/certificate | 16.9 | 15.6 | 16.3 |
| Primary degree | 10.8 | 7.7 | 9.3 |
| Postgraduate/higher degree | 7.5 | 4.3 | 6.0 |
| None | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
| Number of chronic conditionsb | 1.42 (1.29) | 1.36 (1.3) | 1.39 (1.3) |
| Social resourcesb | 2.79 (0.89) | 2.95 (0.84) | 2.87 (0.87) |
| Social participationb | 2.68 (1.61) | 2.43 (1.59) | 2.56 (1.6) |
| Depressive symptomsb | 5.67 (6.93) | 5.05 (6.18) | 5.37 (6.59) |
| Lonelinessb | 4.11 (1.48) | 4.11 (1.48) | 4.11 (1.48) |
Notes. aPearson chi-square: age (χ 2 = 4.50, degrees of freedom [df] = 8, n.s.); gender (χ 2 = 0.04, df = 1, n.s.); education (χ 2 = 84.87, df = 7, p < .00).
bAnalysis of variance: number of chronic condition (F = 3.94, p < .05) range 0–6; social resources (F = 54.91, p < .00) range 0–4; social participation (F = 40.54, p < .00) range 0–8; depressive symptoms (F = 14.64, p < .00) range 0–50; loneliness (F = 0.04, n.s.) range 3–9.